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1

„ARME“ UND „REICHE“ GRÄBERFELDER DER WIELBARK-KULTUR – EINIGE BEISPIELE

100%
Maczynska M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2021
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vol. 69
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issue suppl 2
217 – 224
EN
Cemeteries attributed to the Wielbark culture – similarly to all other cemeteries – could be divided into this well- and poorly equipped. It is interesting, however, while in some cemeteries there are at least a couple of lavishly equipped graves, in others – even located in the close neighbourhood – poorly equipped graves dominate. This phenomenon has been observed in several cases and is difficult to explain with the current state of research. It seems that the differences in equipment at various cemeteries reflect the social stratification and the fact that groups of various economic statuses cohabited in the near vicinity.
2

SPECIFICITIES IN POSITION OF DEADS AS AN EXPRESSION OF THE POPULATION SPIRITUAL CULTURE IN THE AVAR KHAGANATE PERIOD ON THE TERRITORY OF SLOVAKIA

80%
Duricova M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2007
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vol. 55
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issue 2
211-352
EN
The article deals with the results of analyses of the anomalous ways in positioning the dead bodies at chosen burial grounds from the Avar Khaganate period on the territory of Slovakia. Big diversity of the registered funeral rites and the anomalous ways of dead bodies positioning, which after their simplification have been divided into four types, can serve as evidence of remarkable polymorphism of the ideas of life after death. Material equipment frequently found in the graves, respect to their general physical condition in cases of various pathological or post-traumatic states as well as respect to the apparent emotional connections in all ways of the dead bodies positioning indicates reverential character of these images. This can be also proved by the fact that majority of these anomalies have their origin in the above mentioned reverential manifestations based on individual attitude of the survivors. This individual attitude was influenced by the subjective images and distinctive emotions and undoubtedly potentiated by common funeral rites as well. Spiritual conceptions indicating the negative ideas were presumed in connection with some rare extreme way of positioning, with some practices and sporadically also with some deviations that had arisen as the results of intentional secondary interventions. Concluding from the results of analyses, particular images and incentives could be of different character. This can be said also about the identical practices that often indicate opposed motivation as far as the reverence is concerned. For example, in absences of the skulls or burials of separate skulls we can assume both the pious intervention that is connected with a traditional cult of the deceased and non-pious one that represents a way of punishment of the dead for his/her misdemeanour in social sphere. The paradox is that the decapitation in connection with finding situation can be evidence of the reverence when it had been used as a result of the consuetudinary law allowing the ritual murders of the wives after death of their husbands. The core of extremenesses noticed in connection with intentional application of some non-reverential practices both in primary burials and secondary interventions can be in the best way explained by the ethnographic parallels consisting of many meanings, which point out superstitious images connected with magic or vampirism. In any case, we cannot judge the interpretations of the motivations that led to some specificities in the dead bodies positioning as they are described in the ethnographic sources to be of universal value, as numerous interventions that are interpreted as anti-vampirical were in the period under study motivated by several superstitious images of the different meanings. In conclusion we can say that the found diversity of the anomalous ways of the dead bodies positioning and used burial practices are documenting the expression of constant confrontation of the individual and his personal conviction with existing images and principles in their local meaning. The very images, however, have to be interpreted as wider cultural manifestation of the poly-ethnic society in the Avar Khaganate period.
3
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CONTRIBUTION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE PROSPECTING METHODS TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION OF BURIAL GROUNDS IN MORAVIA

80%
Hašek V., Peška J., Unger J.
Študijné zvesti
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2008
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issue 44
5 - 49
EN
Excavation of various types of burial grounds is one of the important tasks of archaeological research in the Czech Republic. The origin of necropolises is connected with ritual burials. The archaeologically excavated burial grounds become an important source of information about life and structure of the society, its cultural and economic level. They provide evidence about spiritual sphere, material culture, and furthermore they also contribute to solving chronological questions. With reference to the results of excavations made up to now, the burial grounds in Moravia can be divided e. g. according to: the place of establishing - in open space in rural area, or in the interiors of ecclesiastical buildings (churches, monastic complexes, cult formations), the way of burying (inhumation graves or cremated burials), the outer form (flat, barrow burials), the arrangement of graves (groups, rows, irregular) etc.
4
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VÝSKUM STREDOVEKÉHO OSÍDLENIA A POHREBISKA V NITRE NA ŠKOLSKEJ ULICI

61%
Ruttkay M., Ruttkayová J.
Študijné zvesti
|
2018
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issue 64
179 - 200
EN
The study summarises results of rescue archaeological excavations at Školska Street in the Nitra city centre. We have documented a burial ground fragment established at the turn of the 10th and 11th century and used probably until the turn of the 11th and 12th century. Graves contained mainly pieces of jewellery – S-shaped earrings, bracelets, rings, and pearls from necklaces. We have also found bracelets (woven and bar) indicating that it could be one of the oldest burial grounds with this type of finds in Nitra old town. Pieces of ceramics have been found only in graves. We have also discovered relics of medieval and early modern settlement facilities. 47 features represent four main periods: 9th–10th century, 11th–12th/13th century, 13th–15th century, and early modern period. The study provided a significant discovery, namely that at the turn of the 10th and 11th century, the Great Moravian settlement transformed into a burial ground. The area transformed again into a settlement with a cluster of workshops (bone and antler) sometime in the 13th century however. Since then, the site has been continuously inhabited.
5

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF AGRAFFES AT NECROPOLISES OF THE AVAR KHAGANATE PERIOD IN THE TERRITORY OF SLOVAKIA (K vyskytu agraf na pohrebiskach avarskeho kaganatu z uzemia Slovenska)

61%
Duricova M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2009
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vol. 57
|
issue 2
261-283
EN
The study presents results from the analysis of agraffes discovered in graves dated to the Avar Khaganate period in Slovakia. The agraffes were identified in a total of 36 graves spread over 15 burial grounds. Given the large number of uncovered graves from the period in question, the scarcity of the artefacts is evident. Despite this rarity, the typological spectrum of the agraffes is of a surprisingly varied nature. Heterogeneity is visible also in the quantity of artefacts within selected typological groups, amongst which some contain relatively large number of agraffes whereas others are represented just by a single item. The typology itself describes the overall appearance of the agraffes, such as their flat and hollow forms, and also the shape. The shape varies between a square, oval or circular wire frames, however further division into variants considers decoration of the artefacts as well. Throughout the analysis, the chronological classification has been taken into consideration. This is based on simultaneous occurrence of different types of characteristic female jewellery such as earrings, beads and bracelets. Using this information, two consecutive chronological groups of the agraffes could be identified corresponding to the Middle and Late Periods of the Avar Khaganate. The interpretations are completed by analyses regarding the location and number of the agraffes within a grave as well as the age and gender of the deceased buried with them. The results suggest that not all of the agraffes were worn as a mantle brooch. The uncertainty arises especially due to the occurrence of single exemplars of the otherwise two-part brooches, the presence of identical artefacts in both male and female graves and their presence in non-functional positions within the graves. The study discusses the problem concerning correct identification of the agraffes due to their coexistence with other similar or even identical types of contemporary decorative dress adornments and jewellery. Majority of them evolved as a consequence of various Byzantine female adornment designs that had become popular in the period in question and spread across Europe on a large scale.
6

AKTIVITY KELTOV NA LOKALITÁCH Z DOBY POPOLNICOVÝCH POLÍ NA SLOVENSKU

61%
Mitáš V., Furmánek V.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2021
|
vol. 69
|
issue 2
323 – 345
EN
The authors of the article analyse a remarkable phenomenon – occurrence of material from the La Tène period at sites of the Urnfield period. Their deeper interest in this topic follows from the stated sporadically presence of iron artifacts from the Late Iron Age at systematically excavated burial grounds of the South-Eastern Urnfields in the area of Cinobaňa and Radzovce villages in the south of central Slovakia. However, traces of activities of historical Celts are also evident at cremation burial grounds of other contemporary cultures or in tumuli from the Late Bronze Age in other regions of Slovakia. Typical and often peculiar artifacts from the La Tène period also come from several upland sites and hillforts predominantly settled by the Urnfield culture or from the Early Iron Age. The authors not try to present also the studied finds selectively, they attempt to categorise, interprete and last but not least, compare them with similar material from the neighbouring countries.
7
Content available remote

GEOFYZIKÁLNA PROSPEKCIA NA SLOVENSKU V ROKOCH 2010 AŽ 2014

51%
Cheben M.
Študijné zvesti
|
2015
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issue 57
111 - 139
EN
Non-destructive archaeological methods play a significant role in acquiring the information about archaeological sites. The most often used are geophysical methods, especially the magnetic and geoelectric ones. As part of the project CEVNAD, several geophysical measurements were carried out in the years 2010 to 2014, in the river basins of the Hron, Ipeľ and Žitava, as well as in the Košická kotlina and in the territory of Spiš. The excavation was done in such archaeological sites as settlements, fortified settlements, fortresses, temporary Roman camps, burial grounds, churches, fortified areas, etc. The main aim of the measurements was to acquire information, as precise as possible, on the nature of the explored settlement or the deserted architecture (its extent, form, orientation, size of the deserted walls). During five years, magnetic method was used to measure 46 archaeological sites, including such features as ground plans of long houses, channels, stoves, half sunken-floored houses, storage pits, clay pits, fortification systems – ditches, etc. Using GPR survey, 34 archaeological sites were measured during this period. Measurement was focused especially on deserted churches, interiors in churches and monasteries, as well as spaces in fortified areas. In several sites geophysical survey was followed by archaeological survey. The results obtained from the geophysical measuring and archaeological excavation could then be compared and confronted. In most cases, the results were the same.
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