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EN
There is a widespread belief among philosophers of science that the dispute about realism does not significantly affect the practice of natural sciences, and that a realistic attitude is a common epistemological position adopted by naturalists. In this paper an argument is brought forward to support the thesis that theoretical concepts formulated in the natural sciences evoke significant cognitive controversies among scientists, having an impact on their scientific practices. Gaston Bachelard’s thesis will be considered, according to which the realistic ‘load’ of the conceptual apparatus in any given science has a significant impact on its development. The investigation conducted in this paper will be based on the analysis of examples taken from the research practice of nineteenth century and early twentieth century chemistry. The problem to be discussed here deals with the cognitive status of beliefs about the existence of the referents of such concepts as: atom (chemical atom), structural formula (rational formula) and chemical bond.
PL
Wśród filozofów nauki panuje rozpowszechnione przekonanie, że spór o realizm nie wpływa w sposób istotny na praktykę badawczą nauk przyrodniczych, a postawa realistyczna jest naturalnym stanowiskiem epistemologicznym przyjmowanym przez przyrodników. W artykule podana jest argumentacja na rzecz tezy, że w naukach przyrodniczych są formułowane koncepcje teoretyczne, które wywołują wśród uczonych istotne kontrowersje poznawcze, które nie pozostają bez wpływu na ich praktykę badawczą. Rozważona zostanie teza Gastona Bachelarda, że przezwyciężenie przez daną dziedzinę nauki realistycznego ‘obciążenia’ jej aparatu konceptualnego ma istotny wpływ na jej rozwój. Prowadzone rozważania będą opierały się na analizie przykładów wziętych z praktyki badawczej chemii XIX i początku XX wieku, w której dyskutowano problem statusu poznawczego przekonań, dotyczących istnienia odniesień przedmiotowych takich pojęć, jak: atom (atom chemiczny), wzór strukturalny (formuła racjonalna) czy wiązanie chemiczne.
EN
In case of the monastery, the metaphor of the “interior” as a world is particularly justified. If the exterior and interior form a “dialectic of rupture” (as put by Gaston Bachelard), then the microcosm of the monastery – the interior practically free of the exterior – may in some cases become a trap, and a stage of transgression. Three sets of examples of monasteries are examined in order to support this claim. The first set is a series of films devoted to the person of St. Francis of Assisi and the history of the imprisonment of St. John of the Cross in a convent in Toledo. These men are connected by the fact, that both, though in different periods, initiated reforms in the Church or religious order, and by the fact, that for them the monastery become a negative point of reference. The second set comprises of films that introduce the microcosm of the Dominican monastery, and the theme of the holy inquisition, that exposes the combination of religious fanaticism and cruelty carried out in the name of the faith. In those films the monastic rooms are turned into torture chambers. The third example is the Benedictine Abbey – the ideal XIV century abbey (as portrayed in The Name of the Rose), a model of mediaeval universe, that reflects all the religious controversies of the era.
EN
Andrzej Zulawski’s film On the Silver Globe, is a film adaptation of Moon trilogy by Jerzy Zulawski – a philosopher of decadence and the director’s paternal granduncle. The blockbuster filmed during the crisis years of People’s Republic of Poland (PRL) was halted by decidents. They expected the film to be an expression of the international fascination with the cosmos. Meanwhile it turned out, that the message of the trilogy, also called a decadent anti-utopia, exposed the post-industrial apathy of the declining socialist system. The director edited the present version of the film using surviving excerpts of the tapes. The film is a total metaphor or even a documentary of the fall of civilization myths, especially those grounded in the national discourse. The storyline is turned into a metaphor through the basic elements constituting the presented world: the four elements evoking archetypes and atavisms. Pisarzewski attempts to read them using the complexes distinguished by Gaston Bachelard. They change the anti-utopia into a fragment of a tragic vision of Polish history, which in Polish cinema was developed by Zulawski.
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