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Nowe wyniki pomiaru wieku dla materiałów kultury badeńskiej w późnym neolicie Małopolski

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Zastawny A.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
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2015
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vol. 63
87-123
EN
The complicated cultural situation characterizing the period of settlement and influences of the Baden circle in central Europe results from multiple reasons. Lesser Poland is one of these regions where this complexity is particularly noticeable and reveals one of crucial indicants of the Baden complex in Europe, i.e. the advanced regionalism of processes of the Badenization. The absolute chronology of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland has not been the subject of any detailed research up to now. Chronological studies into other Late Neolithic cultures, observed in Poland in recent years, mostly into the Corded Ware culture and Funnel Beaker culture, proved how important and standard research instrument the radiocarbon dating is. Against this background, a tremendous deficit in sources of such a type for the Baden culture in Lesser Poland became more noticeable (state for 2011: 12 radiocarbon dates deriving from barely four sites). There was a great need for planned radiocarbon analyses which results could compensate deficiencies in source data and give new possibilities of comparative research in the area of Poland and outside its borders. The accomplishment of this aim was undertaken within a separate research project financed by the National Science Centre Poland (number of project N N109 181940). 20 samples selected from 12 sites of the Baden culture were subjected to analyses of age measurement in the Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory. Positive results of these analyses were obtained in case of 14 samples: 12 from Lesser Poland and 2 from Slovakia . This series of new markings doubled the number of radiocarbon dates for the settlement of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland. In combination with radiocarbon markings published up to then, it gave a great opportunity to determine chronological frameworks of the Baden culture settlement in the area of Lesser Poland and – in a consequence – to specify the schema of its periodization and development. Altogether with measurements published until then, we have currently 22 radiocarbon dates. They enable verification and confirmation of former assumptions, mainly with reference to conceptions on a short period of existence of the discussed culture in the upper Vistula river basin. Chronological compactness of the Baden culture goes hand in hand with its territorial compactness and uncomplicated development, despite noticeable stylistic diversification of materials and taxonomic differences (existence of two territorial groups: Zesławice-Pleszów and Mogiła). All mentioned characteristics may weigh in favour for the Baden culture appearance in Lesser Poland as a result of an influx of population from the Danube river basin. Analysing data on absolute chronology of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland results we can draw the following conclusions: 1. The current source basis for the research on absolute chronology of the Baden Culture in Lesser Poland is composed of 22 radiocarbon dates for 12 sites (21 settlement pits and 1 grave). 2. Radiocarbon dates indicate a relatively short period of existence of the Baden Culture settlement in Lesser Poland (150-250 years), i.e. 4445-4300 BP (3124-2870 BC OxCal. 68,2%, taking into account the highest probability of dating). 3. 5 earliest radiocarbon dates from period 4445-4420 BP deriving from 3 settlements (Kraków Pleszów 17, Kraków Mogiła 55, Kraków Zesławice 21) indicate the oldest stage of the Baden culture settlement in the upper Vistula river basin and territorial centre of its development. 4. Such dating confirms the hypothesis on temporal convergence of materials of the Baden culture (Zastawny 1999, 15-17; 2000, 34-41) that were formerly counted among two different chronologic phases - so-called: medium and late (according to a schema worked out in 1980’). 5. The plausibility of correctness of these dates is enhanced by achieving similar results for: – samples dated in different laboratories: Groningen, Utrecht and Poznań, – samples selected out of various categories of materials such as: animal bones, human bones and burnt wood, – samples collected during excavations of various types conducted between years 1926 (Modlnica, site 1) and 2007 (Kraków Bieżanów, site 8), – samples deriving from sites representing all types of settlement of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland. 6. The chronological compactness of the Baden settlement corresponds to its territorial compactness what argues for a theory that the Baden culture came into existence in Lesser Poland not as the result of some local genesis but in consequence of migrations of population from behind the Carpathian mountains. 7. Achieved results of the radiocarbon dating emphasize more the existence of two currents of influences of the Baden Complex in Lesser Poland – i.e.: cultural influences (Boleráz, Bošáca) and the proper settlement (the Baden culture in its classic period). Furthermore, several new radiocarbon measurements obtained due to the National Science Centre in Poland are noteworthy: 1. The first in Lesser Poland date for a burial of the Baden culture – from site 21 in Kraków Zesławice /grave 217/: 4310±40 BP (Plate 8), 2. The first age measurements for settlements from the area of Kraków Jura and its direct vicinity (site 1 in Modlnica, site II in Kraków Witkowice) forming flint raw material base for population of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland (4415±35 BP; 4405±35 BP; 4330±35 BP), 3. The first dates for sites located in saliferous areas of the Wieliczka Foothills – site 2 in Gdów (4340±35 BP) and site 8 in Kraków Bieżanów (4390±35 BP), 4. Age measurement for two sites from the settlement in Kraków Mogiła 55 (4435±35, 4430±35 BP) – an eponymous site for the Mogiła group of the Baden culture; until now this site has not been dated with use of radiocarbon method, 5. Two dates received for comparative purposes from a fortified settlement at site Prešov-Solivar in eastern Slovakia. Both dates (4550±35, 4410±35 BP) are the first radiocarbon measurements for the Baden culture in this region and indicate earlier chronology of a cluster of the Baden culture in eastern Slovakia. It matches conjectures about a leading role of Slovakian part of the Tisza river basin in genesis of the Baden culture in the upper Vistula river basin based formerly only on similarities within ceramic assemblages.
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Поселення пізнього етапу трипільської культури Кунисівці і Перебиківці у Подністер’ї

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Позіховський О., Гавінський А.
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
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2021
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issue 42
5-14
EN
Currently, it is possible to define not only the area occupied by the communities of the late Tripolye culture, but also the chronological framework in which they functioned. Radiocarbon dates allow them to be placed between 3350/3330–3000/2900 ВС. This period is characterized by the unification of many features of material culture. However, its northwest region is distinguished by the presence of Baden features and the Funnel Beaker culture.
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Archaeological excavations in Żarska Cave (Żary, Krzeszowice commune, Kraków district) in 2011

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Wojenka M., Wilczyński J., Sobieraj D.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2011
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vol. 3
143-156
EN
Archaeological excavations in the Żarska Cave, carried out in 2011 yielded artefacts dated to the Eneolithic (Baden culture), the Roman Period (Przeworsk culture), the Middle Ages and the post-Medieval period. The fieldworks were focused on the terrace situated in front of the cave entrance (trench 1/2011), but some works were also conducted in the main chamber of the cave, where recent piles of earth were sifted. Both of the two stages of the survey led to the revealing of artefacts including fragments of pottery single flint artefacts and faunal remains. It is worth noting the discovery of human remains, which suggests the presence of a burial site, probably located primarily in the cave’s interior. The results of works conducted in 2011 indicate that the earlier opinions which assumed the lack of archaeological artefacts in the Żarska Cave should be revised. The excavations will be continued.
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Archaeological excavations in Żarska Cave in Żary, Kraków district, 2012–2015: an interim report

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Wojenka M., Wilczyński J., Zastawny A.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2016
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vol. 8
185-204
EN
This paper reports on the results of archaeological research carried out in the Main Chamber of Żarska Cave, Kraków district, in 2012 and 2014–2015. The excavations dealt with one trench (Trench 2), localized in the north-eastern part of the cave. The trench revealed a c. 350 cm deep sequence, which in total comprised 21 layers including four hearths. As regards archeological records the upper part of the cave filling was of major importance. It was composed of the Holocene humic layers 1 and 2, a large hearth (layer 3), redeposited loess (layers 4 and 5) and dark greyish, compact and greasy textured sediment (layer 6), which included three other hearths. The clayey loess layers beneath stratum 6 were archaeologically sterile. The layers 1 and 2 contained post-medieval and medieval pottery fragments, sherds of ceramics dated to the younger or late Roman Age/early Migrations Period (Przeworsk culture), several metal artifacts, human and animal bones. As regards human bones, three radiocarbon datings were made. Datings indicate that investigated human remains may correspond with younger or late Roman Age/early Migrations Period finds assemblage (1755±30 BP, 1755±25 BP, 1655±30 BP). Noteworthy are the remains of counterfeiters’ workshop recorded in layers 1 and 2. Stratum 3 (a hearth) contained Medieval finds, while layers 4 and 5 did not produce any archaeological records. Layer 6 was a laminated structure, consisted of several varying shades of grey laminae. It is noteworthy that charcoal was frequently found within this layer and most likely it was associated with three recorded hearths (layer 19 – hearth 2, layer 20 – hearth 3 and layer 21 – hearth 4). Finds assemblages of layer 6 mostly consisted of pottery fragments of the Eneolithic Baden culture, flint and bone artifacts, a fragment of polished stone battle axe and numerous animal remains.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł stanowi wstępne sprawozdanie z badań wykopaliskowych przeprowadzonych w Komorze Głównej Jaskini Żarskiej w Żarach w latach 2012–2015. Prace wykopaliskowe prowadzono w obrębie jednego wykopu badawczego (wykop 2), zlokalizowanego w północno-wschodniej partii jaskini. Wykop 2 ujawnił złożoną sytuację stratygraficzną. Zarejestrowano tu 21 nawarstwień (w tym cztery paleniska), przy czym na zabytki archeologiczne natrafiano wyłącznie w górnych partiach wypełniska jaskini. Warstwy 1 i 2 określić można jako poziomy próchnicze. Zawierały one liczne ułamki naczyń datowanych na okres nowożytny, średniowiecze oraz na młodszy lub późny okres rzymski, względnie na wczesne fazy okresu wędrówek ludów (kultura przeworska). Warstwy te dostarczyły ponadto pojedynczych zabytków metalowych oraz ludzkich i zwierzęcych szczątków kostnych. Na uwagę zasługują tu charakterystyczne okrawki metalu (miedziane lub brązowe), świadczące o praktykowanym w jaskini procederze bicia fałszywej monety. Warto nadmienić, iż wiek trzech kości ludzkich datowano 14C techniką akceleratorową (AMS). Uzyskane wyniki odpowiadają odkrytym w jaskini zabytkom ruchomym reprezentującym inwentarz kultury przeworskiej i wynoszą odpowiednio 1755±30 BP (Poz-67070), 1755±25 BP (Poz-58069) oraz 1655±30 BP (Poz-67069). Warstwa 3 (palenisko 1) zawierała głównie zabytki średniowieczne (poł. XIII – poł. XIV w.). Przekładki warstw zgruzowionego lessu (warstwy 4 i 5) nie zawierały zabytków archeologicznych. Bardzo interesujących inwentarzy dostarczyła natomiast laminowana, ciemnoszara i tłusta warstwa nr 6, której sedymentacja, jak wskazuje inwentarz ruchomy, przypadła głównie na czas eneolitu. W nawarstwieniu tym stwierdzono ułamki naczyń (w tym kultury badeńskiej) oraz pojedyncze zabytki krzemienne, kamienne i kościane. Zalegający poniżej warstwy 6. pakiet osadów jaskiniowych nie dostarczył zabytków archeologicznych. Skalne dno jaskini zarejestrowano na głębokości ok. 350 cm, licząc od współczesnego poziomu deptaniska.
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Neolityczne osadnictwo strefy „piaskowej” południowego obrzeżenia doliny Wisły pod Krakowem w świetle badań na stanowisku 13 w Kokotowie, gm. Wieliczka, woj. małopolskie

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Zastawny A.
Raport
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2014
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vol. 9
11-52
EN
The article presents materials from research works undertaken on site Kokotów 13 and related to the scheduled construction of A-4 motorway on the route Kraków – Tarnów: surveys of 1996 and 2004 and wide rescue excavations from the years 2005-2007. The analysis of materials indicated the use of land of the site from late Paleolithic until the modern times, with the largest intensity of settlement in late Neolithic and late Bronze Age.
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