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EN
Balladyna by Juliusz Słowacki is a text which causes controversy as its interpretation cannot be unequivocal – it results from the plot based on the rule of parallelism and parody as well as its structure and its frame that is an evident sign of irony. The history of critical reception of Balladyna demonstrates how difficult it is simply to read this drama. It can be regarded as a quintessence of Romantic playing with conventions, but it contains many elements of pre- Romantic tradition and it also opens the aesthetic and worldview perspectives for modern and postmodern literature. Such multidimensional drama is included in a core curriculum at lower secondary school. It is a source of difficulties for teachers and students and it is often read in too simplified manner during the lessons. The aim of the article is to present a sugges-tion of such attitude towards the drama that can help to discover the play of ambiguous perspectives that is inscribed in it.
EN
During World War II, in Cracow, Tadeusz Kantor co-founded the Clandestine Independent Theatre. At the same time, he became a leader of a group of the young artists. Because of Nazi occupation it was a truly harsh time for art. But still artists organised meetings, during which they discussed cultural news, popular ideas, avant-garde art trends etc. Hectic rehearsals took place in private apartments. At that time, Kantor decided to re-read carefully and direct “Balladyna” – a great work of Romanticism written by Juliusz Słowacki. Even though in the 1940s Kantor was under the influence of avant-garde. Abstract art, Russian and German constructivism, Romantic ideas and symbolism were still important for him. Therefore he had to find his own artistic expression and that was the right moment for the challenge – he rediscovered “Balladyna” and regenerated a Romantic essence in the abstract “entourage”.
EN
Literary relations between Poland and Spain are not only the subject of some purely theoretical considerations of this essay, but also a space for creative practice within the literary field, in the sense proposed by Pierre Bourdieu, as a complex network of positions, relations, and rivalries between its participants, individuals, and institutions. The main subject of the article is the process of creating a Polish-Spanish dramatic collage called 'Daughters of the Air. Balladyna’s Dream' (2019) based on Calderon’s and Słowacki’s dramas, grounded in the historical context, from the Polish-Spanish dramaturgical assumptions to the bilingual libretto of the play, which premiered first in Opole and then in Almagro. Such a process of creative rewriting of our classic literature can be compared to the forgotten comedias colaboradas, which were extremely popular in Spain during the Golden Age: those multi-author dramatic adaptations often resulted from a fruitful collaboration between two, three, or even more writers and dramaturges, which nowadays seems somehow more challenging.
EN
The article tries to revise the views that are established in the study of Norwid, the ones concerning the introduction to the poem Quidam, which was written in the form of a letter. Up till now – almost univocally – researchers have stated that this fragment of the poem is the poet’s real letter written to Zygmunt Krasiński. The present interpretation starts from the facts and editors’ findings, and finally it analyzes the text, taking into consideration the broad literary context, similar forms in works by Słowacki and Krasiński (the immediate addressee of this expression).
EN
The article tries to revise the views that are established in the study of Norwid, the ones concerning the introduction to the poem Quidam, which was written in the form of a letter. Up till now – almost univocally – researchers have stated that this fragment of the poem is the poet’s real letter written to Zygmunt Krasiński. The present interpretation starts from the facts and editors’ findings, and finally it analyzes the text, taking into consideration the broad literary context, similar forms in works by Słowacki and Krasiński (the immediate addressee of this expression).
EN
The article is devoted to an analysis of the attributes of a typical romantic hero. On the basis of several texts of one of the most important Polish representatives of Romanticism, Juliusz Słowacki, (Arab, Lambro, Mazepa, Balladyna) an attempt to crystallize the common features that characterize romantic hero has been made. The main genre that occurs in the article is a poetic novel. The author focused on presenting various particular protagonists created by Juliusz Słowacki, so as to then point the attributes common to most of them. This made it possible to determine the model of the romantic hero, which is a prime example of the hero of the Romantic era. It indicated both the main features of common and minor similarities, which together make up the characteristic trait of the protagonists in the works of literature in the Romantic era. The difficulty that may result from trying to extract similarities and to create a single model from many profiles, which by definition are multifaceted examples of individualism, has been highlighted. The impact of Romanticism on the current culture was also emphasized.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie atrybutów typowego bohatera romantycznego. Na podstawie tekstów Arab, Lambro, Mazepa, Balladyna autorstwa jednego z najważniejszych polskich przedstawicieli romantyzmu – Juliusza Słowackiego podjęto próbę wykrystalizowania wspólnych cech, jakie charakteryzują bohatera romantycznego. Głównym gatunkiem, który analizowano w artykule jest powieść poetycka. Autorka skupiła się na zaprezentowaniu poszczególnych postaci wykreowanych przez Juliusza Słowackiego, po czym wskazała przymioty wspólne dla większości z nich. Pozwoliło to na określenie modelu bohatera romantycznego, będącego wzorcowym przykładem bohatera doby romantyzmu. Wskazano zarówno główne cechy wspólne, jak i drugorzędne podobieństwa, które składają się na charakterystyczny obraz właściwy postaciom w utworach romantycznych. Podkreślono trudność, jaka wynika z próby wydobycia podobieństw i stworzenia jednego modelu z sylwetek, które z założenia są wielopłaszczyznowymi przykładami indywidualizmu. Zaakcentowano też siłę oddziaływania romantyzmu na współczesną kulturę.
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