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EN
The article presents the figure of St. Vladimir the Great, grand prince of Kievan Rus’, and his role in the process of christianization of Kievan Rus’. Author recalls the circumstances in which the ruler was baptized, such as Vladimir’s participation in the liberation of Crimea and Korsun from the influence of rebels grouped under the leadership of Bardas Phocas or marriage to Anna Porphyrogenita. A significant part of the article is dedicated to the description of the Orthodox Church’s structure in the lands of Kievan Rus’ with important centers in Kiev, Navahrudak, Belgorod, Yuryev, Chernihov, Pereyaslav, Polotsk, Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Rostov and Turow. The close relationship between the newly established Church and the state has been emphasized. Christianity united the society in Kievan Rus’ and gave it an opportunity of cultural and intellectual development.
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EN
Among the seven sacraments Baptism has a special place since the Church has been ordered to perform it by Christ himself. It is also called the sacrament of initiation which introduces a person into the community of Catholics and the first sacrament since the reception of the other sacraments depends on it. There seems to be a strong need to explore its nature and meaning to raise consciousness among the baptized. For this reason a role and form of baptismal preparation should be reconsidered. In the case of parents’ preparation for their infant baptism a three stage process has been presented, both gradual and permanent, comprising three phases: remote, proximate and immediate. The author calls for applying the neo-catechumenal way in the traditional pastoral practice associated with baptizing, rediscovering the value of the sacraments of Baptism and the Eucharist, especially in the Lent and finally discusses preparation of the Sacrament itself and its liturgical celebration.
PL
Wśród siedmiu sakramentów chrzest św. zajmuje szczególne miejsce gdyż jest udzielany na wyraźne polecenie samego Chrystusa. Nazywa się go także sakramentem wprowadzającym do wspólnoty Kościoła, gdyż od jego przyjęcia uzależnione jest otrzymanie innych sakramentów. Potrzeba przybliżenia dzisiaj wiernym tajemnicy chrztu św. wynika z pewnych braków w poznaniu i pojmowaniu tego sakramentu wśród samych ochrzczonych. Dlatego należy ponownie zastanowić się nad rolą i formą przygotowania do chrztu. W odniesieniu do przygotowania rodziców do chrztu dziecka w artykule przedstawiono propozycję trzyetapowego procesu obejmującego etap dalszy, bliższy i bezpośredni. Autor apeluje o odwołanie się do formacji neokatechumenalnej w duszpasterstwie tradycyjnym związanym z udzielaniem tego sakramentu, ponowne odkrycie wartości Eucharystii i Chrztu Św. szczególnie w okresie Wielkiego Postu, a na końcu omawia bezpośrednie przygotowanie obrzędu chrztu św. i jego liturgiczne celebrowanie.
EN
Abstract After 30 years of the event of Lima, there are still many important points of orientation and exciting chances for realisation of proposals from the past for ecumenism. The presentation examines what are chances and possibilities of the ecumenical circles regarding Lima Process after 30 years. Author states that the best thing for Churches is to sit together in ecumenical circles at many levels of Church life re-reading the actual Lima texts on Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry and asking each other in the light of the developments already accomplished in the last thirty years, which points of orientation might be especially relevant and which chances for realisation are realistic for us now in our given situation of today.
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EN
In the Lutheran symbolical books, there are two main threads concerning repentance. First of them is present mainly in “The Augsburg Confession”, its “Apology” and “The Smalcald Articles”, it is also confirmed in “The Formula of Concord”. It combines repentance with preaching the Law and Gospel. Preaching of the first leads to contrition, which, thanks to the preaching of the Gospel, is followed by faith. The second thread is present mainly in Luther’s Catechisms and “The Smalcald Articles”, as well as in “The Formula of Concord”. In it, repentance is considered to be an everyday actualisation of baptism in a believer’s daily life, in which the old, sinful Adam is removed and a new man comes into being. In both threads repentance is presented as the result of the Holy Spirit’s work in a man.
PL
The paper briefly presents the history of Protestantism in Russia (16th–19th century) and the legal status of Protestant communities. An emphasis is placed on participation of the state and the individual tsars in increasing their number, as well as on the legal acts issued for them over the centuries. The article draws attention to the dependence of the right to freedom of religion, which they had in Russia, on their economic usefulness. It highlights the authorities’ interference in the functioning of Protestant Church as well as state protection of the prevailing faith – the Orthodox Christianity – despite numerous religious and economic privileges granted to the Protestants.
EN
A group of Quodvultdeus’s sermons—specifically De cantico novo, De accedentibus ad gratiam I–II, De symbolo I–III, De ultima quarta feria, and De cataclysmo—is addressed to candidates for baptism (competentes). In the years after the Vandal invasion of Africa and preceding their conquest of Carthage, the Bishop of Carthage prepared new members of the Church for the upcoming persecution, when their Catholic faith would be challenged. In his catecheses, he aims at building up their identity and sense of belonging to the Church. The study focuses on four topics of his formation related to the shared identity of the candidates for baptism: the desire for a new life, the Church, heresies, and the liturgical rite, exemplified by the renunciation of the devil, the scrutinies, and the handing over of the baptismal Creed.
EN
The main object of this study is the baptismal Ordo of the Syro-Oriental liturgical tradition. The author, starting from the ancient sources, shows the phases of the development of the rite and of its theology. Referring to the Church Fathers like Ephrem and Narsai, he points that from ancient times the Church of the East has attached a special significance to the baptismal anointing. Indeed, in the case of this tradition the anointing is threefold: two times before the baptismal immersion and once following it. In this study a commentary of the patriarch Timothy II (1318–1332) was also presented, with some essential and original medieval ideas relating to the praxis and to the baptismal theology of the Church of the East. In the last part of the paper the author reflected on the contemporary Rite of the Baptism in the Church of the East.
EN
The sermon De ultima quarta feria, attributed to Quodvultdeus, was pronounced in the last phase of the baptismal preparation in Carthage at the end of the 430s. This paper studies the mystagogical method employed in the catechesis on the power of Christ’s blood in baptism and the Eucharist that makes up part of the sermon. First, the baptismal rites in Carthage in 430s are presented. Second, the questions of its dating and the structure of the sermon are discussed. Third, the mystagogical catechesis on the power of Christ’s blood is presented. This analysis demonstrates that Quodvultdeus stands in the Latin tradition of the patchwork usage of Biblical quotes in the course of the mystagogy that allows the audience to enter the history present in the sacred books and understand themselves as part of this history. In addition, this method allows for transferring the message of the centrality of Christ’s redemption that can be attained through the sacraments of baptism and the Eucharist.
EN
The natural qualities of water (hýdōr), discovered especially in the conditions of the Ancient Near East, gave rise to its metaphorical, symbolic presentation in the Old Testament tradition. Giving it, then, means providing someone with life and all kinds of blessings. Theologically, the giving of water symbolizes granting of the blessing that in its entirety was expected in the messianic times. Water acquired a special significance also in the context of ritual washing: washing with water meant spiritual washing, on moral grounds. The Old Testament also shows the connection of water (hýdōr) with the reality of the spirit (pneúma) (see Isa 44:3; Ezek 36:25–27; Joel 3:1–2). In this context, “spirit” (Heb: rûaḥ) was seen as God’s gift to man (Heb: rûaḥ YHWH; rûaḥ ʼĕlōḥîm). The close relationship between “water” and “the Spirit” is set out in the Fourth Gospel (see John 7:37–39). Taking into account the relationship between “water” and “the Spirit” in the context of the entire biblical tradition, especially the Fourth Gospel, it can be assumed that in the phrase: gennēthḗ(i) eks hýdatos kaí pneúmatos, both  terms: hýdōr and pneúma, refer to one and the same reality that is, spiritual (supernatural) births caused by the Spirit. The exposed element, which is “water”, is to define the circumstances in which this “birth of water and the Spirit” takes place. These circumstances are present in the sacrament of Baptism. It should be remembered, however, that the description contained in the pericope “Conversations of Jesus with Nicodemus” – as some exegetes noted – should not be treated as an account of the institution of the sacrament of baptism, or of giving details related to the ritual side, because the author o the Fourth Gospel primarily intended to show the effects of the saving action of this sacrament.
PL
Występująca w dialogu Jezusa z Nikodemem fraza gennēthḗ(i) eks hýdatos kaí pneúmatos (J 3, 5) ma głębokie znaczenie teologiczne. Jej przesłanie wynika z poszczególnych terminów: hýdōr („woda”), pneúma („duch”), które w tradycji biblijnej posiadają bogatą symbolikę, nabudowaną na ich dosłownym znaczeniu. Teksty ksiąg biblijnych, a zwłaszcza czwarta Ewangelia, ukazują ścisły związek pomiędzy rzeczywistościami, które wyrażają oba terminy. We frazie gennēthḗ(i) eks hýdatos kaí pneúmatos terminy hýdōr i pneúma odnoszą się do tej samej rzeczywistości, czyli duchowych (nadprzyrodzonych) narodzin, których sprawcą jest Duch. Wzmianka o „wodzie” ma za zadanie dookreślenie okoliczności, w których dokonuje się owo „zrodzenie z wody i Ducha”. Okoliczności te zachodzą w kontekście sakramentu chrztu.
PL
Datowany na IX w. komentarz liturgiczny Wykład misteriów Kościoła (ECS) jest pierwszym liturgicznym dziełem Kościoła Wschodu po wielkiej reformie dokonanej przez patriarchę Išo’yahba III. Chociaż autor komentarza podejmuje w nim wiele tematów, w niniejszym studium refleksja koncentruje się na memrach chrzcielnych. W pierwszej części omówiono metody oraz terminologię chrzcielną wraz ze wskazaniem konkretnych źródeł rękopiśmiennych. Następnie kolejno zaprezentowane zostały poszczególne elementy opisanej przez autora celebracji wraz z obecnymi w nich elementami teologicznymi. Należy zaznaczyć, że prezentowany komentarz jawi się jako cenne źródło liturgiczne holistycznie ukazujące syro-orientalny obrzęd chrztu.
EN
“Exposition of the Church Services” (ECS) is a 9th century liturgical commentary, the first and integral liturgical work about the East Syrian liturgy after the great liturgical reformation of Patriarch Išo’yahb III. Though the Author of the ECS comments on the various memrē of the Church of the East, we shall pay attention mainly to the baptismal memrā, which is the most remarkable among the memrē commented on by the Author. At first, we shall discuss the different terms and methods of baptism together with the manuscripts and editions of East Syrian baptismal liturgy. The baptismal memrā contains nine chapters and an analysis of the content of each chapter provides us with a clear outlook about the content of the text. The Author highlights the Pauline theology that explains baptism as a participation in the death and resurrection of Christ. The Author speaks about three anointings upon the candidate: pre-baptismal rušmā, anointing of the whole body and the post-baptismal rušmā. He emphasizes the pouring out of the consecrated water before the post-baptismal rušmā. He sets the baptismal rite within the framework of Eucharistic celebration, and the reception of the Eucharist by the baptized is presupposed in the commentary. A lucid idea is depicted in the commentary about the rights and duties of the sponsors too. In short, the baptismal commentary of the Anonymous Author of the 9th century provides us with a holistic view about the East Syrian rite of baptism.
EN
Saint Gertrude the Great (1256-1302) was a Saxon Christian saint. She died in the monastery of Helfta. As a young girl, she joined the Benedictine monastery at Helfta, under the direction of its abbess, Gertrude of Hackeborn. She is sometimes confused with her abbess, which is why she is often incorrectly depicted in art holding a crosier. She later experienced a conversion to God and began to strive for perfection in her religious life, turning her scholarly talents to scripture and theology. Many of the writings of St. Gertrude have unfortunately perished. Those now extant are: The Legatus Divinae Pietatis, the Exercises of St. Gertrude and the Liber Specialis Gratiae of St. Mechtilde. The Exercises, which are seven in number, embrace the work of the reception of baptismal grace to the preparation for death. Her glowing language deeply impregnated with the liturgy and scriptures exalts the soul imperceptibly to the heights of contemplation. St. Gertrude the Great hada very special devotion for the Sacred Heart. St. Gertrude taught that Jesus has given us the gift of His Sacred Heart so that, when suffering, we can seek our refuge and our consolation there. The characteristic trait of St. Gertrude's piety is her devotion to the Sacred Heart, the symbol of that immense charity which urged the Word to take flesh, to institute the Holy Eucharist, to take on Himself our sins, and, dying on the Cross, to offer Himself as a victim and a sacrifice to the Eternal Father.
EN
Cyril is one of the most prominent persons of young Christian Church and also most important witnesses of Christian initiation in this Church. He's an author of Catechesis - one of most valuable treasures and most current writings of Christian antiquity as far as message is concerned. The Catechesis clearly introduce the way of Christian initiation, the way of initiation into subsequent truths of beliefs, which I will attempt to discover and present. They also deliver necessary (independent from time and places) sensibility of spirit and Christian rules. In present article I will try to answer the questions: whether nowadays this first, initial forms of initiation, about which we inquire from described here Catechesis, are able to influence as considerably, as they did 2000 years ago? Can they similarly affect the manners of modern children and youth?
PL
Po II Soborze Watykańskim pojawiają się w nauczaniu papieskim oraz w teologii postulaty kształtowania Kościoła na wzór Chrystusa. Postulat ten jawi się jako oczywisty, ale nie oznacza to, że jest łatwy do opisu teologicznego i do praktycznej realizacji. Z tej racji zagadnienie zasługuje na szerszą uwagę. W artykule zostaje podjęty aspekt chrzcielny zagadnienia, który wyznacza perspektywę jego ujmowania w odniesieniu do innych zagadnień eklezjologicznych. Chrzest wskazuje przede wszystkim na to, że Kościół opiera się w swoim istnieniu i w swojej misji na darze Chrystusa, na który potem w ścisłym związku z tym darem udziela odpowiedzi. Z odpowiedzi dawanej w takim duchu rodzi się upodobnienie Kościoła do Chrystusa.
EN
After Second Vatican Council the pontifical teaching and theology mention the need for building of the Church on the Christ model. Although this postulate seems to be evident, it is quite challenging in terms of theological description and practical realisation. For this reason the problem is worthy of attention. This item discusses the baptismal aspect of the problem, which defines the perspective of the problem in reference to other ecclesiological issues. Baptism accentuates mostly the fact that the Church is based in its existence and mission on the gift of Christ. The Church answers to this gift and remains in strict relation with it. Thus, from the answer given in such a spirit stems the resemblance between the Church and Christ.
PL
Chrzest był przedmiotem ważnych dyskusji ruchu ekumenicznego, zwłaszcza wówczas, kiedy różne Kościoły poszukiwały wspólnego rozumienia tego sakramentu w celu wzajemnego uznania go. W dyskusje te od samego początku był zaangażowany Kościół prawosławny. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą ukazania udziału przedstawicieli Prawosławia w dialogu na temat chrztu, zarówno na poziomie Światowej Rady Kościołów, jak i w dialogu bilateralnym. Autor wyjaśnia prawosławne rozumienie chrztu jako sakramentu oraz ukazuje, w jaki sposób rozumienie to jest obecne w ekumenicznych uzgodnieniach na temat chrztu. Tekst zawiera także przegląd oficjalnych wypowiedzi Prawosławia dotyczących niektórych uzgodnień. Autor ukazując wkład Kościoła prawosławnego do tego, po części trudnego, dialogu, podkreśla starania w poszukiwaniu wspólnego rozumienia chrztu. Na końcu artykułu został zaprezentowany aktualny stan dialogu ekumenicznego na temat chrztu oraz dokonano oceny perspektyw na przyszłość.
EN
Baptism has been a focus of significant discussion in the ecumenical movement, as the different churches seek a common understanding of Baptism, with the goal of mutual recognition. The Orthodox Church has been involved in these conversations from the beginning. The present article is an attempt to trace the participation of the Orthodox representatives in these dialogues on Baptism, both at the level of the World Council of Churches and in bilateral dialogues. It explains the Orthodox understanding of Baptism as a Sacrament, how this understanding is reflected (or not) in ecumenical agreements on Baptism. It will also review official Orthodox responses to some of these agreements. The author attempts to demonstrate that the Orthodox Church’s contributions to these sometimes-difficult dialogues have shown a commitment to seeking a common understanding of Baptism. Finally, this paper will examine the present state of ecumenical dialogue on Baptism, and evaluate its prospects for the future.
EN
The 1050th Anniversary of the Baptism of Poland became for the faithful a remembrance of their roots as well as their Christian identity. At the same time the anniversary itself became a source of inspirations for the organisation of the program of liturgical and social celebrations in many places of our homeland. An exceptional example of such celebrations was arranged by the Archdiocese of Łódź with its five statio, when the Mystery of Baptism permeated thematically every celebration; each one was dedicated to a specified topic: in Łask – the cult of Mother of God, in Łódź – the Eucharist, in Piotrków Trybunalski – the Decalogue in light of the Law, in Tomaszów Mazowiecki – caritas and the care for the poor, in Konstantynów Łódzki – the martyrologium.
EN
The relationship between God and human being was seen, already in the OT, as amorous. The image that was most preferred, with which this relationship could be described, was the spousal image. It was used metaphorically to underline, on the one hand, the desire of the man-bride to go back to paradise, after his fall, and to be with his God-bridegroom and to join Him, and on the other, the will of God-bridegroom himself, being in his garden-paradise, to invite His bride to come and to enter to make the nuptial feast with Him. In this first part of our article we will illustrate this symbolic image, starting from its dogmatic base, then presenting its biblical background and at the end analyzing the Greek patristic interpretations of it and how the fathers related this image to the liturgical life of the primitive church.
PL
Relacja między Bogiem a człowiekiem już w Starym Testamencie opisywana była językiem miłości. Jednym z najchętniej stosowanych w tej materii obrazów była symbolika małżeńska. Posługiwano się nią w sposób metaforyczny z dwóch powodów: z jednej strony chciano podkreślić pragnienie powrotu do raju i złączenie się człowieka (oblubienicy) z Bogiem (Oblubieńcem), z drugiej, chciano ukazać wolę przebywającego w raju Boga (Oblubieńca) do zaproszenia oblubienicy na weselne gody. W prezentowanej tu pierwszej części artykułu autor ukazuje ów symboliczny obraz wychodząc od fundamentu dogmatycznego. Wskazuje również na biblijne tło omawianej symboliki oraz na patrystyczne interpretacje łączące ją z życiem liturgicznym Kościoła pierwotnego, co szerzej zostanie przedstawione w części drugiej.
EN
Although archaeological evidence shows that Christianity existed in Nubia before the official mission of evangelization of Byzantium, however, it did not then have a centralized form. The imperial missions Justinian and Theodora established the new faith, and in effect the Nubian Christianity began to erect monumental temples dedicated to the new God. On the basis of Nubian baptisteries, as well as contemporary baptismal liturgy in the East, the author attempt was made to reconstruct the baptismal liturgy in Nubia, primarily in the area of the kingdom of Makuria.
PL
Choć dowody archeologiczne wskazują, że chrześcijaństwo istniało w Nubii przed oficjalnymi misjami ewangelizacyjnymi z Bizancjum, to jednak nie miało ono jeszcze formy scentralizowanej. Misje cesarskie Justyniana i Teodory ugruntowały nową wiarę, a także spowodowały, że chrześcijaństwo nubijskie zaczęło wznosić monumentalne świątynie poświęcone nowemu Bogu. Na podstawie badań baptysteriów nubijskich, a także ówczesnych liturgii chrzcielnych na Wschodzie, podjęta została próba rekonstrukcji liturgii chrzcielnej w Nubii, przede wszystkim w rejonie dongolańskim, na terenach królestwa Makurii.  
EN
Satan as “the father of lies” and ”murderer from the beginning” (Jn 8:44) is the enemyof man and of the Church that he continually intends to destroy. But Christ hasendowed his Church with the sacraments which are sources of His grace and theencounter with the Holy Trinity. As such, they constitute a powerful weapon againstthe forces of darkness. Baptism transfers humans from the power of the devil, sinand death to Kingdom of God, full of life and light. Confirmation strengthens thebaptized in the fight against traps of the demon.
PL
Szatan jako „ojciec kłamstwa” i „zabójca od początku” (J 8, 44) jest nieprzyjacielemczłowieka i Kościoła, który nieustannie stara się zniszczyć. Jednak Chrystus wyposażył swój Kościół w sakramenty, które są źródłem Jego łaski i spotkaniem z Trójcą Świętą.Jako takie stanowią potężną broń przeciwko mocom ciemności. Chrzest przenosi ludzispod władzy diabła, grzechu i śmierci do Królestwa Bożego, pełnego życia i światła.Bierzmowanie umacnia ochrzczonych w walce przeciwko pułapkom demona.
EN
Today, many of the faithful who are preparing for marriage and family life have not received sufficient formation at home—a formation that would ensure that they receive the sacraments of Christian initiation. The sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, and the Eucharist graft man onto Christ and enable him to become both a new creature and a member of the Catholic Church. The role of the Church, therefore, is to convey to the faithful the relationship that exists between the sacrament of Marriage, for which they are preparing, and the sacraments of Christian initiation. These sacraments are an integral part of the sacramental economy by which faithful and practicing Christians live. In seeking the proper way to grow in their future life together, engaged couples must perceive the deep connection between married life and the sacraments of initiation. Frequently, however, members of the faithful have received the sacraments of Christian initiation but have not truly encountered Christ in their lives. In this case, such individuals neither understand what the Christian community is, nor do they feel like they are full members of the Church to which they were introduced by virtue of the sacraments. Therefore, it is necessary to seek solutions to help these individuals create a marital and family life that is permeated by Christ’s presence.
PL
We współczesnych czasach zauważa się, że osoby przygotowujące się do życia małżeńskiego i rodzinnego nie otrzymały wystarczającej formacji w domu rodzinnym co powinny gwarantować sakramenty wtajemniczenia chrześcijańskiego. Sakramenty chrztu, bierzmowania i Eucharystii wszczepiają człowieka w Chrystusa i powodują, że przyjmujący je staje się nowym stworzeniem i pełnoprawnym członkiem Kościoła. Rolą Kościoła jest ukazywanie związku, jaki istnieje między sakramentem małżeństwa, do którego człowiek wierzący się przygotowuje, a sakramentami wtajemniczenia chrześcijańskiego. Wpisują się one integralnie w ekonomię sakramentalną, którą żyje wierzący i praktykujący chrześcijanin. Przyszli małżonkowie poszukując właściwej drogi rozwoju wspólnego życia, mogą dostrzec głębokie więzi między życiem małżeńskim a sakramentami wtajemniczenia. Zdarzają się jednak sytuacje, że osoby, które przyjęły sakramenty inicjacji chrześcijańskiej nie spotkały w swoim życiu Chrystusa. Nie rozumieją czym jest chrześcijańska wspólnota i nie czują się w pełni członkami Kościoła, do którego zostali na mocy sakramentów wprowadzeni. Dlatego należy szukać rozwiązań, które pomogą w tym, aby ich życie małżeńsko-rodzinne zostało przeniknięte obecnością Chrystusa.
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