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Udział Bernardynów w powstaniu styczniowym i ich późniejsze losy

100%

Sitnik K.

Roczniki Teologiczne

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2021

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vol. 68

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issue 4

23-85

EN

According to historians, the participation of the Order of Friars Minor (Bernardines) in the January Uprising was significant. In the light of historical sources Bernardine Fathers wrote a beautiful page in this national surge. As the historian of Bernardine Order Hieronim Eugeniusz Wyczawski claimed, it should be seen as a noble surge being the expression of love for the homeland and freedom. On the other hand it is impossible not to arrive at the conclusion that actions undertaken by Bernardine Fathers were frequently reckless and gullible or they lacked the ability to organize conspiratorial work. In the present elaboration I presented the activity of Bernardine Fathers in Congress Poland and on lands directly incarnated to Russian Empire which underwent big nationalistic oppression and where the bloody January Uprising broke out in 22nd January 1863 in the Kingdom of Poland and in 1st February 1863 in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. At the time multiple restrictions of monastic life occurred, also for Bernardine provinces. Not only did occupying authorities declare reluctance to such form of life, but they gradually limited and liquidated monastic structures, single monasteries and whole provinces. The dissolutions of the monasteries were accompanied with looting of their properties, taking away archives and libraries, exploiting of church and monastic premises for secular purposes. The dissolution broke Bernardine structures in the Kingdom of Poland. Many monks lost the sense of leading a monastic life what was manifested by frequent requests about secularization and emigration. It was the price that Bernardine Fathers paid for their patriotic engagement and binding their lives with the history of Polish society.

PL

Według historyków udział Zakonu Braci Mniejszych (bernardynów) w powstaniu styczniowym był znaczący. W świetle źródeł historycznych zapisali oni piękną kartę w zrywie narodowym. Uznać to trzeba za zryw szlachetny, jak stwierdził bernardyński historyk Hieronim Eugeniusz Wyczawski, będący wyrazem umiłowania Ojczyzny i wolności. Z drugiej jednak strony nie sposób nie dostrzec, że w podejmowanych przez bernardynów akcjach było dużo nierozwagi, brak umiejętności organizowania pracy konspiracyjnej i niemało łatwowierności. W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiłem działalność bernardynów w Królestwie Kongresowym i na ziemiach bezpośrednio wcielonych do rosyjskiego imperium, gdzie był duży ucisk narodowościowy i gdzie wybuchło krwawe powstanie styczniowe 22 stycznia 1863 r. w Królestwie Polskim i 1 lutego 1863 r. w byłym Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim. W omawianym okresie wystąpiły wielorakie ograniczenia życia zakonnego, również dla prowincji bernardyńskich. Władze zaborcze nie tylko deklarowały niechęć wobec tej formy życia, ale stopniowo ograniczały i likwidowały struktury zakonne, pojedyncze klasztory i całe prowincje. Kasatom klasztorów towarzyszyły grabieże ich mienia, zabór archiwów i bibliotek, wykorzystywanie pomieszczeń kościelnych i klasztornych na cele świeckie. Kasata rozbiła struktury bernardynów w Królestwie Polskim. W wielu zakonnikach zagubiła sens prowadzenia życia zakonnego, co przejawiało się w częstych prośbach o sekularyzację oraz w emigracji. Była to cena, jaką bernardyni płacili za zaangażowanie patriotyczne i związanie swego życia z losami społeczeństwa polskiego.

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Starodruki z biblioteki klasztornej bernardynów w Przeworsku w zbiorach Biblioteki XX. Czartoryskich w Krakowie

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Fluda-Krokos A.

Hereditas Monasteriorium

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2012

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vol. 1

173-187

EN

The article is an introduction to the research of the book collection of Bernardine Fathers convent in Przeworsk. A few references in literature inform that the facility had a rich library, of which presently little remained of its former glory. Its fragments – once neglected, stolen, given away – can be found i.a. in the collections of the Bernardine Fathers in Cracow and The Czartoryski Library. The set of manuscripts and the resource of 15th and 16th centuries prints became the basis of research on the forgotten, but in the years of splendor valuable, collection. The main character of the text is Erwin Rödel – antiquary from Przeworsk, one of the main “suppliers” of the manuscripts and books to the Czartoryski library in Sieniawa, stemming from the repression after the November Uprising and the need to evacuate the collections from Puławy. Seriously depleted resource from Puławy was replenished and expanded thanks to the donations and numerous contacts of librarians from Sieniawa, such as Karol Druziewicz and Józef Łepkowski, with antiquaries and monastic libraries. He was well-deserved to Czartoryski family, bringing to Sieniawa many valuable library collections, not always gained fairly and in accordance with the librarian policy, however, and as a result – causing also problems arising from the claims of the previous owners, whose collections he diminished or even deconstructed. The preserved documentation shows that the monastery in Przeworsk through the actions of Rödel has lost 11 parchment diplomas dated from 15th to 17th centuries, 30 manuscripts from the City Archive (i.a. books of city assessors, courts, voyts, and registries), 10 other manuscripts of the time range from 16th to 18th centuries, and about 300 old prints (partly from the monastic library of Bernardines, partly from the fahters of The Holy Sepulchre). The belonging to the presented library is indicated by numerous provenance entries described in the text.

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Dokumenty papierowe i pergaminowe z lat 1571–1903 pochodzące z archiwum klasztornego oo. Bernardynów we Lwowie, przechowywane w Archiwum Prowincji oo. Bernardynów w Krakowie

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Murawiec W. F., Sitnik A. K., Żuchowski K., Gawicki K.

Hereditas Monasteriorium

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2012

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vol. 1

209-283

EN

Order of Friars Minor, called Observants, was established in Poland on the basis of indigenous structures, thanks to action of st. John Kapistran, Italian Franciscan, acting in Cracow in 1453. Polish Observants, called Bernardines from the first convents in Cracow, Warsaw, Lviv, and Poznań, were they received a summon from st. Bernardine from Siena, the famous preacher and refomer of the Order of St. Francis of Assisi, had a provincial organization. First Bernardines’ monasteries, founded since 1453 have been subordinated by the general of the order from the Austro-Czech-Polish province. It was until 1517 when the Franciscans-Observants have organized the native province, covering the territorial lands of the Polish state. The power has been centralized in the person of provincial, elected every three years at the provincial chapter. In his jurisdiction were all abbots and convents within the teritory of the province. The guardians, also elected by the chapter and approved for the period of three years by the provincial, led the administration of each monastery. The set of activities taken by the monastic officials – the provincial and the guardian – entailed the necessity of establishing the chancelleries, both in the provinces as well as in every single convent. Because the provincial took one of the subordinated orders, called the provincial house, as his residence, the sets of acts arising from the activities of both offices were kept independantly in one place, of what an example was the Bernardine monastery in Lviv. According to the Potsdam agreements about the repatriation of the Polish population from the lands granted to the Soviet Ukraine, Bernardines have left the convent in Lviv in 1946. Starting from 1943, the archives of the order as well as Russian and Galician provinces were moved as far as possible, from Lviv to the Provincial Archive of Bernardine Monks in Cracow. In the Provincial Archive of Bernardine Monks in Cracow were preserved 17 paper and (loose) parchment documents, referring to the history of Bernardines order in Lviv. Due to the socio-political changes that have occured in last two decades in the Eastern Europe, the interests have increased in the matter of East, its spiritual culture and influence of Christianity on shaping and developing of Eastern culture, in what the Lviv convent has also participated. Motivated by these considerations Fr. Aleksander Krzysztof Sitnik, OFM has decided to collect and publish, not only in the original language, but also translated into Polish and Ukrainian, all 17 Lviv documents from the years 1571–1903.

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Udział Bernardynów w powstaniu styczniowym i ich późniejsze losy

Starodruki z biblioteki klasztornej bernardynów w Przeworsku w zbiorach Biblioteki XX. Czartoryskich w Krakowie

Dokumenty papierowe i pergaminowe z lat 1571–1903 pochodzące z archiwum klasztornego oo. Bernardynów we Lwowie, przechowywane w Archiwum Prowincji oo. Bernardynów w Krakowie