Search results

1

Architektura gotyckiej fary w Bochni

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Knapik P.

Biuletyn Historii Sztuki

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2020

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vol. 82

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issue 2

209-238

EN

To-date the architecture of the Bochnia Parish Church has not inspired much investigative curiosity. Most generally the scholars have limited themselves to dating and pointing to brick Gothic from the North as the building’s inspiration. An attempt has been made in the paper to reconstruct the genuine appearance of the Church before its Gothic Revival remodelling (which led to alterations in the western façade gable), as well as to analyse it in the perspective of the architecture of Lesser Poland and Central Europe. The plan of the building finds a number of analogies with the structures in the region, but also in Bohemia and Silesia. However, what proves utterly untypical of Lesser Poland is the western gable modelled possibly on Gdansk gables or, which is more likely, those in Saxony. It is highly probable that the current shape of the church was created in several stages: from the early 15th century until around its second quarter the chancel was raised, with the nave body built in the subsequent years, however the current form of the Church’s western façade resulted from the rebuilding after the fire in ca 1485, conducted at the turn of the 16th century or in the first quarter of the latter.

PL

Architektura bocheńskiej fary jak dotąd nie cieszyła się zbyt dużym zainteresowaniem badaczy. Zazwyczaj jedynie ograniczano się do datowania i wskazywano na inspiracje czerpane z ceglanego gotyku północnego. W niniejszym tekście podjęto próbę rekonstrukcji pierwotnego wyglądu kościoła sprzed neogotyckiej przebudowy (w ramach której m.in. zmieniono kształt szczytu w fasadzie zachodniej), a także jego analizy w kontekście architektury Małopolski i Europy Środkowej. Plan budowli znajduje szereg analogii z innymi realizacjami z regionu, a także z Czech i ze Śląska. Zupełnie nietypowy dla Małopolski jest natomiast szczyt zachodni, dla którego wzór mogły stanowić późnogotyckie szczyty Gdańska lub, co bardziej prawdopodobne, Saksonii. Jak się wydaje, obecny kształt kościoła powstał w kilku fazach: od początku XV w. do ok. 2. ćwierci tegoż stulecia wzniesiono prezbiterium, a w następnych latach prawdopodobnie korpus nawowy, jednak obecna forma jego fasady zachodniej jest wynikiem odbudowy po pożarze z ok. 1485 r., której dokonano na przełomie XV i XVI wieku lub w 1. ćwierci wieku XVI.

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Służbowo i prywatnie. znani i nieznani goście w bocheńskiej Żupie Solnej (do 1995 r.)

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Wszołek P.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2016

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vol. 31

291-335

EN

This is the first academic study of this type pertaining to the history of tourist traffic in the area of the Bochnia Salt Mine. In contrast to the Wieliczka Salt Mine, no general academic or popular science studies have been prepared with respect to this issue to date. Prior works devoted to the Bochnia Salt Mine did not deal with this issue. The objective of this article is an attempt at describing, throughout the history of the Bochnia Salt Mine, the gradual process of emergence and development of tourist traffic. The author of the work makes use of the existing manuscripts and printed sources, along with academic studies devoted directly or indirectly to the subject matter pertaining to the content of the article. Interviews conducted with the present and retired employees of the Bochnia Salt Mine also turned out to be helpful, both directors and traffic supervision employees, as well as persons directly involved in the tourist traffic servicing. Thanks to this, the gaps existing in the source materials and academic or popular science studies pertaining to the subject matter of the study were supplemented or filled. The history of tourist traffic described in the article was closely related to the history of the Bochnia Salt Mine. The reader is going to find out that this process was not easy, whereas its history is replete with obstacles and threats during various stages of development, including a complete disappearance of tourist activity, which was finally reinstated and which has been pursued to date. Therefore, the issue deserves a detailed study. In medieval sources, it is possible to find traces of princes’ and kings’ (and their officials’) stays in the mine. Such visits were purely official. Their objective was direct or indirect control over all aspects of operation of the subordinate enterprise. Visits of representatives of commerce and handicraft in the Bochnia Salt Mine, whose enterprises were closely and durably related to the current operation of the mine, had a more “economic” character The situation was similar with holders of permits and privileges from the group of contemporary wealthy people, both clerics and secular. The ongoing necessity of taking care of their economic interest was the most important for this group. Sources between the 16th and the 18th century offer new data. New categories of guests supplemented the above list of visitors in the Bochnia Salt Mine. The first one includes various travellers who, in their accounts or descriptions, offer the first experiences accompanying visits in the underground section of the mine. Another category are poets. Their works, preserved in the modern times, have a similar character, yet by their nature they are more filled with emotions. Therefore, all these authors were, in a certain way, “pioneers” – the first tourists in the modern sense of the word. The third category includes representatives of science, testifying to the growing interest in the Bochnia Salt Mine from a scientific perspective. They also form a part of the previously described group of travellers, who were testing their talents in the new area. These were predominantly people connected to the Bochnia Salt Mine who implemented their ideas, plans and intentions for its benefit. There was also yet another special category – the so-called “unwanted guests.” This group includes both “locals” and “foreigners”, whose activities had an adverse impact on the situation of the Bochnia Salt Mine. At the end of the 18th century, a certain fundamental change occurred in the above-described group of “guests” at the Bochnia Salt Mine. The owner of the mine changed – the Polish king was replaced by the Austrian emperor and royal officials were substituted by the imperial bureaucratic apparatus. Simultaneous abolishment of former permits and privileges resulted in absence of visits of clerics and lay people. What is more, the former system of connections of the mine with trade and municipal handicraft also ceased to exist. Representatives of such professions disappeared almost completely from the area of the Bochnia Salt Mine. The 19th century, especially its second half, brought development of initially disorganised tourist traffic in the form of individual and collective groups. Visits in the mine, hitherto a privilege reserved for the chosen few, suddenly became a very fashionable pastime for a broader group of people. This situation was intensified by development of communication and dissemination of press information, as well as popularity of local sightseeing associations. Such groups included local people, as well as guests from other countries, officials, teachers, clerics, military men, young people and children. The number of descriptions and travellers’ accounts, resulting from visits in the underground pits of the Bochnia Salt Mine, also soared. The Bochnia Salt Mine has become a more attractive place for the conduct of scientific studies by outstanding researchers and specialists from various areas of knowledge. The Bochnia Salt Mine was also a venue for didactic activities for the future practitioners of science, who pursued classes, internships and professional practice here. However, the described century and the beginning of the 20th century were not free from negative activities and decisions of the group known from earlier centuries as the “unwanted guests.” The inter-war period was a time of constant struggle with the governmental plans of liquidation of the Bochnia Salt Mine. In spite of the difficult situation, the unorganised tourist traffic of numerous groups and individuals (from the country and abroad) continued to flourish in the mine. The mine was also visited by scientists and young graduates who were acquiring the necessary knowledge and professional skills. What is more, middle school pupils and college students followed the example of their senior friends and attended special classes in the mine and visited it as part of activities of school sightseeing groups. It is also worth remembering that the outbreak of WWII halted the plans of establishing a sanatorium at the Bochnia Salt Mine. The period of Nazi occupation brought an end to popular visits in the Bochnia Salt Mine. At this time, the mine was only open for German people – ordinary citizens and military men. However, traces of stay of Polish people in the mine from this period have also been preserved – obviously, such visits were only possible upon the approval of the occupation authorities. Throughout the communist period, the idea of making the Bochnia Salt Mine available for tourists was not popular and it resurfaced only in the form of sporadic initiatives. In the 1950s, a visit in the mine formed a part of subsequent historical anniversaries celebrated in the city and the local saltworks. Similar initiatives, even though planned, were not implemented in the 1960s - they were going to form a part of the celebrations of the 1,000th anniversary of the Polish state. Nevertheless, plans pertaining to the visits in the Bochnia Salt Mine in the 1970s were successful – they were included in the extensive programme of the “Days of Bochnia” inaugurated at that time. The last activity in the described period took place in the 1980s, when sightseeing in the mine was included in the celebrations of another historical anniversary of the city. The 1980s were also a time of clear increased interest in the Bochnia Salt Mine as a historical facility. Inclusion of the most valuable pits and surface development of the mine in the list of national monuments definitely contributed to it. Simultaneously, next to the gradual process of limiting the industrial operation of the mine, former plans of establishing a sanatorium were brought back. This very difficult process of building a tourist and spa centre commenced at that time was halted by the political transformations of 1989. After 1990, it was continued for a long time until the middle of the 1990s. The author of the work adopted the year 1995 as the end for the study; it constitutes the opening of a completely new chapter in the history of the Bochnia Salt Mine. The unorganised tourist traffic was provided with durable legal and organisational framework in the form of a newly-established entity: Uzdrowisko Kopalnia Soli Bochnia Sp. z o.o. Between 1995 and 2014, the company has been servicing numerous groups of tourists and patients who come to the Bochnia Salt Mine every year. Traditional sightseeing in the historical mining pits has been gradually supplemented by educational, health and entertainment activities. In 2014, “Kopalnia Soli Bochnia Sp. z o.o.” took over the organisation and servicing of the tourist traffic, continuing the long-term tradition of the Bochnia Salt Mine in this respect.

3

Badania archeologiczne prowadzone przez muzeum żup krakowskich Wieliczka w latach 2018–2019

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Fraś J. M., Kolebuk E., Pawlikowski S.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2020

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vol. 34

298-325

EN

The Archaeological Department of the Cracow Saltworks Museum in Wieliczka conducted archaeological research in year 2018 on station 43 in Bochnia-Chodenice. Numerous movable historical objects and cultural artefacts were discovered in the course of the works. These discoveries should be linked to the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age. Findings included artefacts of the linear pottery culture, the Malice culture, the Pleszów-Modlnica group, the Mierzanowice culture and the Lusatian culture. In years 2018-2019, preparations were commenced to conduct research at two barrow sites discovered in Kolanowski Forest near Bochnia (Bochnia-Kolanów, station no. 120; Łapczyca, station no. 90). Geomagnetic surveys and soil recognition boreholes were carried out in these locations, ALS data was developed and interpreted, and field penetrations were conducted several times. In year 2019, archaeological supervision of earthworks was commenced in association with the renovation of the former district court building, adapted to become the new headquarters of the Cracow Saltworks Museum in Wieliczka.

PL

Dział Archeologiczny Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka w Wieliczce w roku 2018 prowadził badania wykopaliskowe na stanowisku 43 w Bochni-Chodenicach. W trakcie prowadzonych prac natrafiono na liczne zabytki ruchome i obiekty kulturowe. Odkrycia należy wiązać z okresem neolitu i epoką brązu. Wydzielono artefakty kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej, kultury malickiej, grupy pleszowsko-modlnickiej, kultury mierzanowickiej oraz kultury łużyckiej. W latach 2018–2019 rozpoczęto przygotowania do badań dwóch stanowisk kurhanowych odkrytych w Lesie Kolanowskim nieopodal Bochni (Bochnia-Kolanów, stan. 120; Łapczyca, stan. 90). Przeprowadzono tam badania geomagnetyczne, odwierty gleboznawcze, wykonano opracowanie i interpretację danych ALS oraz kilkukrotnie przeprowadzono penetracje terenowe. W 2019 r. rozpoczęto nadzór archeologiczny prac ziemnych, związanych z remontem budynku dawnego sądu powiatowego, adaptowanego na nową siedzibę Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka.

4

Nazwy własne podziemnych wyrobisk w żupach krakowskich (XVI–XVIII w.)

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Horyń E.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Linguistica

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2021

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issue 16

84-94

EN

This paper is an attempt at describing proper names of underground salt excavations. Among the analysed terms, the most documented ones are commemorative names, which are based on anthroponyms – surnames and first names. A less numerous group is represented by names related to the location of the objects, point to their functions in the mine, or refer to physiographic features. Moreover, there are names of cultural or metaphorical character. These terms are varied both in terms of motivation and level of formality. The material for analysis comes from the texts of Instrukcje górnicze dla żup krakowskich z XVI–XVIII wieku.

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Nieznany dokument z XIV wieku dotyczący szkoły parafialnej w Bochni

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Kumor B.

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

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1967

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vol. 15

283-289

EN

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6

Wokół problematyki wystawy: Być kobietą...Portrety kobiet ziemi bocheńskiej w wirze życia i dziejów

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Krzywda P.

Rocznik Przemyski

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2013

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vol. 49

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issue 3: Historia

97-124

EN

The author, one of the major originators and creators of the title exhibition, deals with the problem of development of women’s self-reflection in the context of constructing their own identity and awareness necessary to determine what is hidden under the notion of femininity. The evolution of the position of a woman from Bochnia (i.e. a small-town woman) basically changes her from an object to a subject; passivity is replaced by activity. Using a neologism, “post-emancipation femininity” is what distinguishes a small-town woman, aware of her right to personal happiness (according to her own criteria), individual development, freedom of experience etc. The woman who regains her humanity has a right of choice (individualization and self-realization). Empathy, religiousness, a bond with her background (acceptance of its norms as her own, response to social expectations), apparent weakness and in fact remaining of invaluable assistance to her husband, father and sons influence, however, her sense of duty towards local community.

7

DR JÓZEF PIOTROWICZ HISTORYK, MUZEALNIK (1930-2014)

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Międzobrodzka M.

Muzealnictwo

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2015

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vol. 56

48-51

XX

Józef Piotrowicz, humanities scholar, historian and museum curator, died on 2 May, 2014. Born in Bochnia and educated in a milieu of outstanding Cracow historians, he graduated from the department of history and philology at the Jagiellonian University in 1954. After eight years of work at the National Museum in Krakow as a researcher at the Czartoryski Library, in 1962 he transferred to the Cracow Saltworks Museum, which was then extending its academic departments. Piotrowicz was Director of the History Department. Thus, he combined his passion for research with exhibition-oriented activities.Piotrowicz’s research focused primarily on the origins of salt mining, its periodisation, normative acts, as well as the significance of medieval salt conferrals to convents and other churchinstitutions in Poland. Moreover, the questions of European salt mining and Wieliczka’s and Bochnia’s local history fell also within his scope of interests. He organised numerous academic sessions, spoke at international conferences of European mining historians and was a frequent visitor to mining museums. Piotrowicz was the creator of the Museum’s first permanent exhibitions, both the underground display and the Saltworks Castle collections, as well as a number of temporary exhibitions, including those presented abroad. He contributed greatly to the process of justifying why the Wieliczka Salt Mine should be included on the UNESCO World Heritage list, oversaw the reconstruction and functioning of the Saltworks Castle complex, and authored the academic commentary to the edition of the Cracow saltworks’ description from 1518, a text recently added to the first Polish National List of UNESCO’s Memory of the World Programme. An excellent and erudite scholar and populariser, Piotrowicz was able to establish contact with virtually anybody, regardless of their professional or social background; conversations with him were true intellectual adventures. His passion was contagious.

PL

2 maja 2014 r. zmarł Józef Piotrowicz – humanista, historyk, muzealnik. Urodzony w Bochni, wychowany w środowisku wybitnych krakowskich historyków, w 1954 r. ukończył studia historyczne i filologiczne na Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim. Po 8 latach pracy w Muzeum Narodowym w Krakowie w charakterze pracownika naukowego Biblioteki Czartoryskich, w 1962 r. przeszedł do rozbudowującego wówczas swe działy merytoryczne Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka. Był kierownikiem Działu Historycznego. Łączył pasję badawczą z działalnością wystawienniczą. W badaniach naukowych skupił się na początkach górnictwa solnego, jego periodyzacji, aktach prawnych oraz znaczeniu średniowiecznych nadań solnych dla klasztorów i instytucji kościelnych w Polsce. W kręgu Jego zainteresowań znalazły się także zagadnienia solnictwa europejskiego, dzieje Wieliczki i Bochni. Dużo publikował. Był organizatorem sesji naukowych oraz prelegentem międzynarodowych konferencji historyków górnictwa europejskiego, bywalcem muzeów górniczych. Przygotował pierwsze wystawy stałe Muzeum realizowane w ekspozycji podziemnej i w Zamku Żupnym oraz wiele wystaw czasowych, w tym prezentowane za granicą. Wniósł znaczący wkład w uzasadnienie wniosku o wpisanie kopalni wielickiej na listę zabytków UNESCO, sprawował nadzór merytoryczny nad odbudową i funkcją kompleksu Zamku Żupnego, był autorem naukowego komentarza do edycji opisu żup krakowskich z 1518 r. – tekstu wpisanego ostatnio na pierwszą Polską Listę Krajową Programu UNESCO „Pamięć Świata”. Znakomity popularyzator i erudyta posiadał dar nawiązywania kontaktu i współpracy z każdym, niezależnie od pozycji zawodowej czy społecznej, a rozmowa z Nim była zawsze intelektualną przygodą. Zarażał swoją pasją.

8

„Mała stabilizacja” w organizacjach powiatowych PZPR – na przykładzie Bochni, Brzeska i Chrzanowa

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Drabik S.

Horyzonty Polityki

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2013

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vol. 4

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issue 6

115-140

PL

Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza przez kilkadziesiąt lat w drugiej połowie XX wieku sprawowała w Polsce władzę dyktatorską. Miała ona wpływ na wszystkie dziedziny życia – na politykę, gospodarkę, kulturę, edukację, wymiar sprawiedliwości. Na poziomie lokalnym najważniejszą instancją partyjną był Komitet Powiatowy. W województwie krakowskim w latach sześćdziesiątych XX wieku funkcjonowało 17 organizacji powiatowych. W tym artykule zostały przedstawione trzy z nich : w Bochni, Brzesku i Chrzanowie. Opisano powierzchnię każdego, ludność oraz charakter gospodarczy Dwa pierwsze z nich miały charakter rolniczy, a w ostatnim dominował przemysł. Autor przedstawił liczbę członków i kandydatów partii , a także ich skład społeczny. Ważnym czynnikiem był także poziom wykształcenia, a także wiek. W powiatach bocheńskim i brzeskim partia miała stosunkowo słabe wpływy. Było tam silne przywiązanie do tradycji, patriotyzmu i wiary przodków. Natomiast ziemia chrzanowska jeszcze przed 1939 r. miała sympatie lewicowe. Dużą część ludności stanowili robotnicy zatrudnieni w licznych zakładach (kopalnie, huty, elektrownie). Pochodzili z tego trenu znani działacze PZPR. Można tutaj wymienić Franciszka Szlachcica członka Biura Politycznego i sekretarza Komitetu Centralnego PZPR oraz Stanisława Spyta przewodniczącego Wojewódzkiej Komisji Kontroli Partyjnej i członka Egzekutywy Komitetu Wojewódzkiego PZPR w Krakowie. Badania nad regionalnymi strukturami partii komunistycznej są ważnym postulatem badawczym.

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OBECNOŚĆ WOJSK ROSYJSKICH W BOCHNI I WIELICZCE W 1914 ROKU.

85%

Krokosz P.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2015

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vol. 1

128-153

PL

In August 1914 the First World War began. Austro-Hungarian troops, reinforced by the German units, joined the military operations against Russia. In the autumn of this year, the Russian Army launched the offensive aimed at Krakow, which was at that time the mighty fortied stronghold. Before the Russians arrived in Krakow, they occupied Bochnia and Wieliczka for a short time. The mining towns were extremely important in regard of economy. The threeweeks stay of the Russian soldiers in Bochnia went by under the mark of plunders, murders and rapes. The Russian command also proceeded to start up the Bochnia salt mine. The situation was similar in Wieliczka, but there they were not able to start the salt production. In December 1914 the Russian units were forced out from Krakow and displaced from Wieliczka and Bochnia. However short, the Russian’s presence was managed to be permanently engraved on the memory of the inhabitants of both cities.

10

Wyniki inwentaryzacji i badań nieinwazyjnych kopców ziemnych na stanowiskach Bochnia 120 i Łapczyca 90 w kontekście problemu występowania kurhanów na lessach wielicko-bocheńskich

80%

Fraś J. M., Materna M.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2020

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vol. 34

236-297

EN

In the first part of the paper, the authors present the history of studies, in particular on mounds and mound cemeteries in the area of the Wieliczka and Wiśnicz Foothills and areas adjoining them in the north, namely the Cracow and Bochnia Foothills. Subsequently, the authors tackle new discoveries in the area of vast forest complexes, related to the possibility of using modern technologies. In particular, this refers to the making of LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data available. Presumed mound cemeteries in Bochnia-Kolanów, site No. 120 and in Łapczyca, site No. 90, were discussed in detail. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was generated for them, and subsequently, geo-magnetic and soil survey studies were carried out. As a result of field surveys and the above-listed studies, fourteen possible mounds were identified at site No. 120 in Bochnia-Kolanów and thirty-five at site No. 90 in Łapczyca. The performed work is preparatory with respect to the planned excavation studies which are meant to confirm the chronology of the discovered sites.

PL

W pierwszej części artykułu została przedstawiona historia badań w szczególności nad kopcami i cmentarzyskami kurhanowymi na obszarze Pogórza Wielickiego i Wiśnickiego wraz z przylegającymi do nich od północy: Przedgórzem Krakowskim i Bocheńskim. Następnie poruszono zagadnienia nowych odkryć na terenach rozległych kompleksów leśnych związanych z możliwością wykorzystania nowoczesnych technologii. Dotyczy to przede wszystkim udostępnienia danych LiDAR (ang. Light Detection and Ranging). Szerzej omówione zostały domniemane cmentarzyska kurhanowe w Bochni-Kolanowie, stan. 120 i Łapczycy, stan. 90. Stworzony został dla nich Numeryczny Model Terenu, a następnie przeprowadzono badania geomagnetyczne oraz gleboznawcze. W wyniku prospekcji terenowych oraz wspomnianych badań zidentyfikowano 14 możliwych kopców na stanowisku 120 w Bochni-Kolanowie i 35 na stanowisku 90 w Łapczycy. Poczynione prace mają charakter przygotowawczy przed planowanymi badaniami wykopaliskowymi mającymi potwierdzić chronologię odkrytych stanowisk.

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Uwarunkowania historyczne i prawno–organizacyjne górniczo–konserwatorskiego zabezpieczania zabytkowych wyrobisk Kopalni Bocheńskiej

80%

Charkot J.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2016

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vol. 31

119-150

EN

The objective of this article is to present hitherto accomplishments in the area of protection of the mine understood as a monument in a legal sense. They are presented in reference to securing activities in the mine, effected throughout the history of its functioning. These issues have not been presented in a synthetic manner so far. The basic source material for the study was information accumulated in the course of documentation work conducted by the employees of the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka (in cooperation with engineers and technical employees from the Bochnia Salt Mine) underground. The manner of presentation of issues discussed in the study derives from an analogous article pertaining to the Wieliczka Salt Mine, presented in volume XXIII of this yearbook. The necessity of securing the mining pits in the Bochnia Salt Mine has been apparent since the very beginning of its commercial operation. Various solutions were applied, frequently quite untypical, adjusted to the specific geological structure of the deposit. The basic material was wood, used to line the rising headings, as well as drifts in the weak rock mass. Extensive chambers were propped up with support columns, usually filled with mining spoil and contaminated salt types. The specific nature of the Bochnia Salt Mine was that the support columns were constructed of thin alder and birch trunks. Support columns made of thick pine, spruce or fir wood were rarely used. Some of the selected areas were liquidated by being completely filled with waste rocks and post-production waste. Smaller of them, left without any means of protection, were completely clamped after several centuries. The original form of securing the chambers from the progressing destruction was leaving them at the edge of a thin salt shell. Until the 18th century, transport routes were designated in some of them via lining or support columns, which connected exploitation areas located on various depths. Conservation work in the legal sense began only after inclusion of the mine in the list of monuments in 1981, even though some of the projects undertaken earlier had this objective in mind, especially in the underground chapels. Mining and conservation work is performed in a zone included under protection, i.e. on levels from I to IX, in most valuable mining pits, selected on the basis of substantive criteria with respect to the values of the mining pits. The selection was made by the employees of the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka on the basis of materials accumulated during the systematic scientific and technical stock-taking conducted in the 1970s and 1980s; the list was approved by the Małopolska Province Monument Conservator in Kraków. It includes 65 chambers, 112 drifts, 3 shafts and 4 fore-shafts. Furthermore, the most valuable regions of the mine with respect to natural assets were encompassed by a detailed stocktaking in 2005 and subjected to additional legal protection on the basis of the Nature Conservation Act in the form of 27 documentation sites. The conservation authorities have also formulated guidelines pertaining to the procedure of preparing and performing work in the historical pits. The starting point is preparation of a historical and conservation study and subsequently a technical design relying on its recommendations. On this basis, permits are issued for the conduct of work in protected shafts, chambers and drifts. Direct supervision over the performance of work until 1999 was the obligation of the Province Monument Conservator in Tarnów, and later the Małopolska Province Monument Conservator in Kraków and, since 2016, the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka. The basic source of financing for the conservation projects are funds deriving from the state budget, which may be formally assigned for such a purpose since 2000. Earlier (since 1991) they were fully assigned to liquidation work. As of 2000, funds assigned for specific projects from the National Environmental Protection and Water Management Fund constitute a significant supplement for the financing. Relatively small funds are also generated by the tourist and spa activities pursued since 1995. The majority of mining and conservation work was performed by the mining team of the Bochnia Salt Mine. Tasks calling for specialist equipment and special qualifications of employees were commissioned from external companies. The basic part of the work was concentrated on levels from I to IV, in mining pits that are the most valuable with respect to the presented historical values. The speed of work gained momentum after the mine was classified as the monument of history (2000). Initially, the work focused on securing pits that are assigned for being made available to tourists on level IV, i.e. the August Chamber, and on level VI: the Sienkiewicz Chamber and the Dobosz Inter-level. As a result of them, in 1995 the conditions in the mine allowed for admission of organised groups to the mine for the first time in history. Later, work was conducted in drifts and chambers assigned for thematically oriented exhibitions. In the first period, the greatest mining and conservation projects included securing the central part of the August Drift, along with adjoining corridors and the extensive Ważyn Chamber. Its adjustment to perform recreational and sanatorium-type functions required a lot of effort. In the second stage, work performed in the complex of mining pits called Zejście Kalwaria, spreading from level I Danielowiec to level IV August, was of great importance, as well as work at eleven sections of Regis Stairs connecting these levels. It is also necessary to mention professional conservation of the 18th century Passionis Chamber and opening the 17th century Krucyfiks Chamber for tourists. Performance of mining and conservation work has acquired a special rank and should be an absolute priority after inclusion of the Salt Mine in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2013.

12

Badania archeologiczne prowadzone przez muzeum żup krakowskich Wieliczka w roku 2017

80%

Fraś J. M.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2019

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vol. 33

262-285

EN

The study indicates discoveries made by employees of the Cracow Saltworks Museum in Wieliczka in 2017, that contribute to larger, comprehensive analyses. In the described year, surveys were conducted on site 43 in Bochnia–Chodenice. Research resulted in identification of new historical artefacts dated at the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age. The largest quantity of findings is assigned to the Lengyel–Polgár cultures. The identified historical objects also represent the Linear Band Pottery culture, the Mierzanowice and Lusatian cultures. All findings are considered and analysed in the context of salt making by brine evaporation, a method common in prehistory in the Wieliczka and Bochnia region The materials discovered over seasons on the site located in Bochnia–Chodenice principally give a new insight into the topic of salt making in Neolithic cultures. The most important findings originate from the Malice and Lublin–Volhynia cultures.

PL

Artykuł sygnalizuje odkrycia dokonane przez pracowników Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka w Wieliczce w roku 2017, które są przyczynkiem do większych całościowych opracowań. W opisywanym roku badania prowadzono na stanowisku 43 w Bochni Chodenicach. Doprowadziły one do identyfikacji kolejnych zabytków związanych z okresem mezolitu, neolitu oraz epoki brązu. Największa ilość znalezisk wiąże się z szeroko pojętym kręgiem lendzielsko–polgarskim. Ponadto identyfikowane są zabytki kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej, kultury mierzanowickiej oraz kultury łużyckiej. Wszystkie odkrycia rozpatrywane są w aspekcie rozpowszechnionego w pradziejach, w regionie wielicko–bicheńskim, pozyskiwania soli metodami warzelniczymi. Odkrycia dokonane w kolejnych sezonach na stanowisku w Bochni–Chodenicach wnoszą nowe spojrzenie przede wszystkim na problematykę warzelnictwa kultur neolitycznych. Do najistotniejszych należą ustalenia związane z kulturą malicką oraz kulturą lubelsko wołyńską.

13

Kadra urzędnicza w salinach Wieliczki i Bochni w latach 1810-1918

71%

Walczy Ł.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2012

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vol. 28

31-90

XX

In the period that is the object of this study, 17 managers succeeded one another in Wieliczka. Until 1867, they managed the Bochnia saltworks and other plants which were temporarily subject to the Saltworks Board, also known under other names, which were frequently changed: the sulphur plant in Swoszowice, the hard coal mines in the Jaworzno district and the state forest inspectorate in the Jaworzno district. After 1867, only the Wieliczka mine was subject to the Board until 1914 (changes of managers, which happened very often between 1915 and 1918, are not possible to register in detail); there were 16 deputy managers, 16 mine surveyors, 10 finance directors, 10 “materials managers”; 3 engineers responsible for buildings and machines and 8 doctors. At that time in Bochnia, 20 managers succeeded one another; until 1867, they were subordinate to the Board operating in Wieliczka. Later, the saltworks in Bochnia was managed, on equal footing with Wieliczka, by the Galician State Management of the Treasury in Lviv and, through its agency, by the Ministry of Finance in Vienna; there were 13 deputy managers, 3 mine surveyors (for the majority of the discussed period, there was a separate mine surveyor, i.e. a surveyor accepting responsibility for the reliability of measurements by his signature, as well as correctness of maps and proper placement of markings in the mine pits); 12 finance directors; 11 “materials managers”; 2 doctors; a separate “machine” engineer worked here for a short time in the years directly preceding WWI. It is impossible to trace by names or even specify the total number of directors of individual “mounts” i.e. mining fields, operating in every field with deputies and assistants in three or two-person teams; the composition of such teams would change very often. Polonization of the personnel of the above-mentioned managing positions began in the middle of the 19th century. It was a result of co-existing processes; on the one hand, in some families who came to the Cracow Saltworks right after the partition, the second and, at the latest, the third generation began to identify with Polishness, adopting Polish as the native language, and the Polish custom as the home custom and, more importantly, the Polish manner of thinking and acting; on the other hand, the gap left behind families who in the past came from various Austrian states and whose descendants decided to return to the family places of their fathers or grandfathers were filled by representatives of Polish landowning families (the first example is the Wieliczka “saltworks physician”, Feliks Gozdawa- Boczkowski), who were permitted to do so on account of the necessity of maintaining employment in the saltworks. The moment when the saltworks clerks started to think and act “in Polish”, feeling that they were the officials of the Austrian state more and more solely in a formal way, falls at the end of the 1880’s and the beginning of the 1890’s. At that time, proposals of new names for underground pits started to contain, almost exclusively, names of older colleagues with whom people submitting the proposals used to work – and if they referred to higher rank clerks, these were predominantly Poles who worked on the level of province authorities (representation, state division, treasury directorate) – therefore, objectively, in the Polish interest. At that time, a place of clearly Polish character started to be built in the Wieliczka salt mine – the Chapel of St. Kinga (from the very beginning, its decoration was devoid of “Austrian” elements, whereas the pulpit, executed in 1903, presents the symbol of the holiest Polish national symbol: the Wawel Castle). In 1906, the 1st Convention of Polish Miners was held in Cracow, partially co-organized by the Wieliczka Saltworks Board; it was combined with a visit at the Wieliczka mine and a meeting for industry specialists from the Polish lands under all three partitions. After 1910 and before 1914, the Wieliczka saltworks clerks started to issue publications in the magazines in Warsaw and Zagłębie Dąbrowskie. True engineers/ humanists were in this group. Among them, the person of Feliks Piestrak, author of historical studies devoted to the maps of the Wieliczka mine prepared by M. German, W. Hondius and J.G. Borlach and philological translation of the Latin poem of A. Schröter of 1548 (describing the author’s impressions and remarks made during a visit to the Wieliczka Salt Mine) is particularly important. The group of clerks who, by way of promotion, worked in Wieliczka, Bochnia and in the saltworks of Eastern Małopolska, i.e. the historical Russian Saltworks, includes two professors from the first group teaching at the Cracovian Mining Academy, which started to operate in the Independent Poland in 1919. The merit of these people, and quite a significant one, was leading the saltworks away from the reign of Austria to independent Poland. In Western Małopolska, it was possible to perform it peacefully; in Eastern Małopolska, it also happened without greater losses and maintaining continuity of people and institutions, in the conditions of civil war provoked by Austria almost in the last days and hours of the partition.

14

Królewskie kopalnie soli w Wieliczce i Bochni (1978, 2013)

71%

ZIĘBA K.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2017

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issue Dodatek Specjalny. Dziedzictwo w Polsce.

75-78

EN

The Salt Mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia, together with the Saltworks Castle in Wieliczka, are a serial property located in southern Poland, in the vicinity of Kraków. Both salt mines, combined as one company with royal status, known as Kraków Salt Works, worked continuously from the 13th until the late 20th century, constituting one of the most modern and most important European industrial operations. The mines illustrate the historic stages of the development of mining techniques, comprising an ensemble of hundreds of kilometres of galleries and residual excavations, made into workshops, warehouses, as well as chapels, with remarkable statues and decorative elements sculpted into the rock salt. Underground tourist routes have existed in the mines since the early 19th century. Criterion: (iv) An underground museum, but still a mine The ride down to the underground passages of the Wieliczka and Bochnia mines takes just two minutes. It not only takes the visitors hundreds of metres beneath the surface, but also several hundred centuries back in time. From the start of the mining operation, miners interfered with the original state of equilibrium of the deposit by digging shafts, galleries and huge chambers in search of the precious salt. They were continuously exposed to various dangers. In order to ensure safety for the miners in their search for salt, impressive wooden supporting structures, box cribs, and roof supports of the galleries and chambers were constructed. What is the most impressive, however, is the heritage of enormous chambers sculpted in pure salt. Leaving a salt layer of a specific thickness in the roof and sidewalls has allowed these huge salt caverns to remain both safe and stable. Well-preserved historic machinery, treadmills, lifts, water wheels, and dozens of mining tools add to the extraordinary atmosphere of the underground world of the Royal Salt Mines. The Wieliczka and Bochnia mines have already discontinued their intensive salt mining operation, but the destructive forces of nature have not ceased their work. The task facing the managers of the mines seems obvious: to preserve and maintain the priceless underground in its original form. This can be ensured with the help of science and the modern mining technologies that active mines excavating salt and other minerals still use in practice. The salt rock surrounding the underground chambers acts as their natural support, a support which is constantly exposed to the destructive pressure of the rock above the salt deposits. In order to secure the roof and sidewalls against cracking and potential collapse, the rock spanning the chambers is stitched together with a system of thousands of suitably spaced 10-metre-long epoxy anchors, which are inserted in special boreholes. Thanks to them, the rock has increased its resistance to deformations several times over. In addition, any hollows and non-historic, mined-out spaces, which are adjacent to the most valuable historic chambers are filled with dense backfilling. These activities, which have been carried out for years, reinforce and stabilise the underground structure of the mine and protect against the destruction both of the precious chambers and the magnificent sculptures, reliefs and altars of the underground chapels carved in salt by the artists – the miners themselves. The geological and surveying staff of the mines monitor the mine continuously for even the slightest shifts of the salt and rock structures, both underneath and above ground, to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of the safeguarding measures taken. Paradoxically, an equally serious danger for the historic underground structure of the salt mines is the air necessary for their ventilation, or rather the water it contains. Temperatures inside the mine are relatively stable, ranging between 15-17° C. In the summer months, when the surface air temperature often exceeds 30° C, the air flowing into the mine cools rapidly, as a result of which the moisture it contains condenses on the walls and ceilings of the galleries, dissolving their outer layer of salt. This is particularly dangerous for the underground salt carvings as it irreversibly destroys them. In order to contain this threat, the air delivered underground is treated in special dehumidifying stations. The historic mines, which function as underground museums, are still organised as active mining companies. Their organisational structures and procedures are designed to ensure safety both for the underground visitors and for the miners who perform the works to secure the mine. Besides the communication systems and fire protection measures required in active mines, the mine museums operate systems for continuous monitoring of the underground atmosphere and emergency lighting systems for the underground tourist routes. In this way, experienced engineers and maintenance staff ensure both that people are safe and that the priceless heritage created by numerous generations of Wieliczka and Bochnia miners is preserved intact.

15

Górnicze metody zabezpieczania i rewitalizacji podziemnych obiektów zabytkowych

43%

Chmura J., Wieja T.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2010

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issue 1-4

245-254

EN

The history of mining methods to rescue the most valuable undergrounds goes back tens of years. These experiments implemented by a team of specialists from the AGH University of Science and Technology resulted in saving many historic mines, drifts, cellars, caves. They now serve as interesting archaeological sites, underground tourist routes, museums, spas. The adverse effects of time, natural hazards and long – term exploitation of underground workings require to take technical actions in order to re – establish the original technical and functional values of the objects. The presented scope of the revitalization activities allowed to save for future generations many underground monuments that are the testimony of cultural, industrial and civilization heritage.

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