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EN
The accession to the EU and the adopting of the Common Agricultural Policy led to the major changes in the income situation of the Polish agricultural sector. During the membership, the real increase of farmers' incomes was recorded by over 96% in absolute terms and by over 112% if calculated per 1 worker, in comparison to the situation in the pre-accession period. However, the increase resulted mainly from the growth of subsidies, and to a lesser degree from other factors. The growing influence of subsidies on the income situation of farmers cannot hide the fact that generally the agriculture in Poland, compared to agricultures of the other member states, is characterised by low efficiency. The productive and economic development in the long term can be hardly expected without profound structural changes stimulating the growth of efficiency. Results of both factor analysis and regression analysis clearly indicate the need for such changes. The results show that generally the economic and financial situation of the Polish agricultural sector is determined by its efficiency, whereas the subsidies play a less important role.
EN
The article has been intended to depict the changes in cooperative agricultural holdings in the period preceding the accession to the European Union and afterwards. The evaluation was attempted based on the Central Statistical Office data as well as the information on the Agricultural Cooperatives collected by the IAFE Economics of Farm Holdings Department. The analyses have shown that the majority of Polish cooperative holdings underwent positive changes in their production factors structure despite a decreasing total number of cooperative agricultural holdings in Poland. Calculation results show that Agricultural Cooperatives had significantly improved their economic and financial standing in the new common agricultural policy environment. It has been found that direct payments and financial resources from other support programmes mainly helped the AC to stabilise their financial results.
EN
European Integration - together with the introduction of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) instruments - has been the most important driving force behind dairy sector restructuring in Poland in the last decade. Transformations occurring after 1995 at the level of agricultural holdings covered not only the volume of production, but also influenced the importance of various marketing channels. The aim of the paper is to analyse the determinants of marketing channel choices made by producers and effects thereof on the financial situation of farms. The research allows for the assumption that changing the marketing channel from deliveries to the collection point (traditional channel) for direct milk connection at the farm (modern channel) positively affects the financial situation of the farms. The selection of a modern marketing channel seems to be conditioned by the exogenous rather than endogenous factors. Neither human capital nor households' initial physical assets are the decisive factors, It is rather the access to funds that would allow for undertaking necessary adjustments. The nature and specific conditions of the dairy sector in Poland provides better opportunity for the growth of smaller production units than in the countries characterised by a more concentrated production, where such farms would not be able to survive.
EN
The main characteristics of the present Czech agriculture – a critical assessment from research point of view. Strategic goals for the Czech agriculture. Research position to the CAP reform after 2013 respecting the strategic goals: improvement of relations of agriculture to environment; increase of effectiveness and competitiveness of farms; balanced approach to distribution of supports; agriculture and renewable energy; agriculture and rural development.
EN
Poland's accession to the European Union was connected with the acceptance of new conditions for the functioning of agriculture. While the incorporation of producers into the Single European Market and the adoption of Common Agricultural Policy principles were associated with hopes for the acceleration of transformation in agriculture. Since agriculture is first of all a real sphere of economy, it has been required to assess the effect of the integration process on production and economic results. Research results show that integration with the EU had an effect on an increase in the volume of agricultural output. With the moment of accession an increment of agricultural entrepreneurial income was observed, which doubled (in terms of constant prices). This effect was to a considerable degree caused by an increase in the subsidies. Static (comparative) analysis confirms a defective agrarian structure. A consequence of high labour resources in Polish agriculture, considerable land resources and low capital outlays in relation to the relatively low production output is the low productivity of land and labour resources.
EN
The scale of administrative barriers and transaction costs incurred in running a business in Poland remains an issue poorly understood. In the case of agriculture and agri-food industry, there is insufficient information on the scale of transaction costs involved in the relations between the state and a business entity. Such costs, undoubtedly, result for the most par from the regulations related to the CAP. The knowledge on transaction costs and administrative barriers concerning CAP is very limited at the EU and 'Member States' levels. Lack of such analyses hinders the identification of least-efficient solutions concerning support instruments and their management. Therefore, this element should be incorporated into the CAP evaluation system as soon as possible.
EN
The work presents the result of research on the farmers' own labour costs in the agricultural holdings selected according to their economic size or geographic location. The analysis was based on the FADN standard results, minimum subsistence figure and minimum standard of living. The research results have shown sharp differentiation of the possibilities to cover own labour costs on the agricultural holdings of different economic size. The minimum standard of living was found in the agricultural holdings falling under at least 'medium small' size class, and the minimum subsistence figure was reached by at least 'medium large' farms. Without subsidized operations, mainly EU direct payments, the minimum standard of living would be reached by the farms considered at least 'medium large'. This proves that production factors engaged by agricultural holdings falling under lower economic size class and those beyond the scope of FADN observations are used ineffectively and do not provide support to farm family. Additionally, large regional differences were demonstrated as for the dependence of own work costs on the EU Common Agricultural Policy instruments, particularly direct payments. Agricultural holdings in Malopolska and Pogórze macroregions are the least dependent on the EU support, while those in Pomorze and Mazury macroregions are the most dependent.
PL
Powszechnie uważa się, że interwencjonizm rolny jest wypłacaniem rent politycznych na rzecz rolników. Autorzy próbują pokazać, że koncepcja renty politycznej znana z teorii rent-seeking nie jest adekwatna do oceny polityki rolnej. Kwalifikacja całości subsydiów dla rolnictwa jako rent politycznych jest nieuzasadniona, ponieważ część z nich stanowi płatność za dobra publiczne lub kompensację niedoskonałości rynku. Autorzy proponują metodologię pomiaru tych wielkości, wypełniając lukę w literaturze ekonomii politycznej. Następnie przeprowadzono komparatywną analizę alokacji „czystych” rent politycznych we wspólnej polityce rolnej, wykorzystując macierze input-output dla gospodarstw reprezentatywnych według EUFADN oraz indeksy produktywności całkowitej Hicks-Moorsteena w układzie wszystkich krajów UE–27 w latach 2005–2012. Sformułowano hipotezę badawczą, że renty zrealizowane w rolnictwie UE są funkcją cyklu politycznego, jak również niedoskonałości rynku. Oszacowana „czysta renta polityczna” dla UE–27 ogółem jest o ponad 40% niższa niż wsparcie według powszechnie stosowanego wskaźnika PSE.
EN
It is generally believed that the agricultural interventionism represents the payment of political rents to farmers. Authors attempt to show that the concept of political rent known as the rent-seeking theory is not valid for agricultural policy. Identification of the whole of the subsidies paid to agriculture as a “political rent”, is unjustified since political rents cannot be taken to include payments for the supply of public goods or those transfers which compensate for market imperfections. A novel methodology is proposed for valuing these items filling the gap in the literature of political economy. Author perform comparative analyses, with the aim of calculating the “pure political rent”, based on input-output matrices for representative farms according to EUFADN typology and on a decomposition of the Hicks-Moorsteen TFP index for the period 2005–2012 and all EU–27 countries. The research hypothesis is proposed that the size of subsidies retained in agriculture is a function of political cycle, but also of market imperfections. Calculated “pure political rent” for EU–27 agriculture is about 40% lower that the estimation of producer support according to the commonly used PSE indicator.
RU
Существует общее мнение, что аграрный интервенционизм – это рента, которую крестья- не получают от политиков. Авторы пытаются показать, что концепция политической рен- ты, известная в теории rent-seeking, не является адекватной для оценки всей аграрной по- литики. Квалификация всех субсидий для сельского хозяйства как политической ренты не является оправданной, так как часть из них представляет собой плату за публичные блага или компенсацию за несовершенство рынка. Авторы предлагают методологию замера этих величин, заполняя брешь в литературе. Ими был проведен компаративный анализ размещения „чистых” политических рент в совместной сельскохозяйственной политике ЕС. Для этого были использованы матрицы input-output для репрезентативных хозяйств согласно EUFADN, а также индексы полной продуктивности Хикс-Мурстина для всех стран ЕС–27 за 2005–2012 гг. Была сформулирована гипотеза, что ренты, реализованные в сельском хозяйстве ЕС, являются функцией политического цикла, а также несовершен- ства рынка. Оценочная „чистая” политическая рента для ЕС–27 в целом более чем на 40% ниже, чем помощь, рассчитанная по повсеместно применяемому показателю PSE.
PL
Badanie przeprowadzono na danych panelowych dla 22 krajów europejskich w latach 2006–2012. W szacowanym modelu uwzględniono trzy pokrewne składniki kapitału społecznego: zaufanie, skłonność do pomocy oraz uczciwość. Zmienną zagregowaną zawierającą te trzy składniki nazywano kapitałem współpracy. Wyniki wskazują, że w badanych krajach około 1/6 wzrostu gospodarczego może być przypisana przyrostom kapitału współpracy. Ponad 80% tego efektu występuje jednak z opóźnieniami od jednego roku do trzech lat. Trzyskładnikowy kapitał współpracy znacznie lepiej wyjaśnia wzrost gospodarczy niż tradycyjny, jednoelementowy wskaźnik zaufania. Z oszacowanego modelu wynika, że dla wzrostu gospodarczego największe znaczenie ma przyrost gotowości do pomocy. Wskazuje to na kluczowe znaczenie pomocy i współpracy w stymulowaniu działalności gospodarczej.
EN
The article an attempt to assess the impact of three components of social capital: trust, helpfulness, and fairness on economic growth in Europe. The first part of the paper discusses the concepts of social capital and the related concept of trust. The second part gives an overview of the selected research hitherto conducted on the subject. The next parts present the econometric model employed by the authors in order to estimate the impact of the cooperation capital and its three components on economic growth (based on a modified and augmented Cobb-Douglas function). The empirical analysis was made on a sample including panel data for 22 European countries in the period 2006–2012. The tested model includes three interrelated components of social capital: trust, helpfulness, and fairness, which can be combined into an aggregated variable called, ‘cooperation capital’. The results suggest that ca. 1/6 of the economic growth (measured by the GDP growth rate) may be ascribed to the effect of the increase in cooperation capital, but 80% of this effect occurs with 1–3 years lag. The three-component cooperation capital better explains economic growth than the traditional, one-component trust indicator. The estimated model suggests that most important for economic growth is the increase in the helpfulness. This indicates the key importance of helpfulness and cooperation in boosting economic activity.
RU
Исследование проведено на базе панельных данных 22-х европейских стран за 2006– 2012 гг. При построении модели были приняты во внимание три близкие составные части общественного капитала: доверие, желание оказывать помощь и честность. Агре- гированная переменная, содержащая эти три элемента, была названа капиталом сотруд- ничества. Результаты указывают, что в исследованных странах около 1/6 экономического роста было получено благодаря приросту капитала сотрудничества. Однако более чем 80% этого эффекта проявляется с опозданием от одного года до трех лет. Капитал сотрудничества, учитывающий три составляющих, значительно лучше объ- ясняет экономический рост, чем традиционный показатель доверия, состоящий из одно- го элемента. Из модели вытекает, что для экономического роста самое большое значение имеет прирост готовности оказывать помощь. Это указывает на ключевое значение по- мощи и сотрудничества для стимулирования экономической деятельности.
EN
The paper describes the evolution of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy from the perspective of political economics. This important EU policy is analyzed in the context of political and social mechanisms, policy objectives and instruments, as well as the division of benefits. The paper shows that there are growing differences between individual EU member states in agricultural policy objectives, instruments and the amount of funds available. The author focuses on the latest attempts to reform CAP and highlights the need to reorient the policy to improve the competitiveness of European agriculture and pursue other priorities important for EU citizens.
EN
The purpose of the article was to determine the impact of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) instruments on the economic and environmental sustainability of farms in Poland in 2004-2014. For this purpose, a panel analysis was used based on farm accountancy data network. It has been shown that agri-environmental subsidies are an instrument that had a positive impact on the economic and environmental sustainability of farms in Poland. In addition, it has been proven that replacing subsidies for agricultural production with single area payments does not favor the increase in the sustainability of agriculture in Poland. In connection with this, agri-environmental subsidies are the most beneficial instrument in the pursuit of increasing the sustainability of agriculture in Poland. From this point of view their importance should be strengthened because they contribute to the implementation of the postulate of increasing the sustainability of the EU agriculture, which is the strategic goal of the European Union.
PL
Celem artykułu było określenie wpływu instrumentów wspólnej polityki rolnej UE (WPR) na zrównoważenie ekonomiczne i środowiskowe gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce. Zastosowano analizę panelową, bazując na danych rachunkowych gospodarstw rolnych FADN. Wykazano, że instrumentem, który korzystnie wpływa na zrównoważenie zarówno ekonomiczne, jak i środowiskowe gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce, są dopłaty rolno- -środowiskowe. Poza tym dowiedziono, że zastępowanie dopłat do produkcji rolnej jednolitymi płatnościami obszarowymi nie wpływa korzystnie na wzrost zrównoważenia rolnictwa w Polsce. W związku z tym dopłaty rolno-środowiskowe stanowią instrument o największym korzystnym znaczeniu w dążeniu do zwiekszenia zrównoważenia rolnictwa w Polsce. Z tego punktu widzenia ich znaczenie należy wzmocnić, przyczyniają się bowiem do realizacji postulatu zwiększania zrównoważenia rolnictwa w UE, który jest celem strategicznym tego ugrupowania.
EN
This analysis touches upon the problem of profitability in production, which has been related to sheep production carried out in mountainous conditions. The profitability of three model farms, which focus on sheep production for three different technologies, has been both analyzed and evaluated. By conducting their production for three different technologies, these farms gain diverse level of and structure of their final production. It has been established that the discussed models of farms are adequate to both mountainous areas and Southern Poland. The first model represents a farm with 40 ewes and 2 cows. This farm covers the area of 11,5 ha of arable land aimed at the production of feedstuff for animals fed all year round. The production in this farms is based on lambs and the so-called oscypek (smoked ewe’s milk cheese made in the Tatra Mountains). In contrast, the second model describes a farm, which covers the area of 5,3 ha, with 40 ewes and 1 cow. In this farm light lambs are sold for cutting, whereas ewes are put out to pasture during the summer season. The third farm covers the area of 27,1 ha with 100 ewes and 150 heavy lambs. The results of economic evaluation of the presented models of sheep breeding in mountains show low profitability of production. Only the first farm, which sells light lambs and produces oscypek, shows positive agricultural income. Negative agricultural income is achieved by farms that either put their sheep out to pasture or produce heavy lambs. The structure as well as the size of transfers acquired from the CAP show that the agricultural income, increased by extra money, is positive. The third-farm model, which is the largest and takes advantage of various payment forms, generates the highest income.
EN
The purpose of this paper is formulation of a general thesis regarding the functionality of agricultural law in the past quarter of the century. The author has differentiated and analysed three stages of development of Polish agricultural law: (i) immediately after 1989 when political transformations commenced, (ii) the stage of approximation, or harmonisation of Polish law (including agricultural) in order to qualify for EU membership, and (iii) Poland’s EU-membership. The introduction of a market economy caused a significant reduction in special legal acts regulating agricultural matters. The increasing functionality of agricultural law at some later date was a result of a revival of legislative activity undertaken with a view of harmonising Polish agricultural laws with the European Union standards. An intensive development of agricultural law was a consequence of including Poland (as a EU-member State) within the CAP mechanism. However, the functionality of agricultural law shall not only be judged from the point of view of the absorption of EU funds, but also, and maybe in particular, from the point of view of their proper allocation and proper management (efficiency). Thus, when new EU regulations constituting the CAP framework for the 2014-2020 period are being implemented in Poland, special care will have to be taken to properly allocate the CAP direct payments.
PL
Celem rozważań jest sformułowanie ogólnej oceny funkcjonalności prawa rolnego w okresie minionego ćwierćwiecza. Autor wyróżnia i analizuje trzy okresy rozwoju prawa rolnego, tj. okres transformacji ustrojowej bezpośrednio po 1989 r., okres dostosowywania naszego prawa (i rolnictwa) do standardów europejskich w celu uzyskania członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej oraz okres członkostwa. Wprowadzenie gospodarki rynkowej przyniosło znaczne ograniczenie specjalnej regulacji prawnorolnej. Dlatego zwiększenie funkcjonalności prawa rolnego zostało powiązane z ożywieniem działalności legislacyjnej, które wystąpiło w dopiero okresie dostosowywania polskiego prawa rolnego do standardów europejskich. Objęcie rolnictwa mechanizmami wspólnej polityki rolnej w ramach członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej zintensyfikowało rozwój prawa rolnego. Na funkcjonalność prawa rolnego w tym okresie należy patrzeć nie tylko z punktu widzenia absorbcji środków unijnych, lecz także, a może nawet zwłaszcza, ich właściwej alokacji, a tu – efektywności. Zatem polski ustawodawca, wdrażając nowe regulacje unijne stanowiące ramy wspólnej polityki rolnej na lata 2014-2020, będzie musiał zwrócić większą uwagę na problem alokacji środków pomocowych.
EN
After a long debate between political bodies of the EU, the final decision about the shape of the CAP in the next programming period has been made. The initial proposal of the European Commission was very ambitious yet, after the announcement of its final version, there is a common belief that green requirements have been watered down. This paper presents the results of impact analysis based on the most recent proposition of CAP reform with a special focus on “greening” of direct payments. It evaluates changes in economic results of Polish farms in the perspective of the year 2019. For the analyses, the authors proposed an original farm typology using data taken from 10890 farms from FADN sample in 2011. Farm optimization model with PMP technique was used to estimate potential effects of the reform for 218 types of Polish farms. Farm model results have been up-scaled to the country level. Results show that majority of Polish farms are already complying with the new requirements. Adjustment of remaining farms to the new requirements leads to negligible impact on income generated by Polish farm sector.
EN
Linkages between the CAP and food security in developing countries. Food security in southern and eastern Mediterranean countries: a critical analysis. CAP and food security in SEMCs: foucus on Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia.
EN
There is a large debate concerning the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union in which the direct payments represent the most discussed issue. This paper focuses on the problem of inequality of direct payments distribution that exists between large farms and small farms in the Czech Republic. The paper analyses the impact of proposed progressive capping scenario on the viability of large farms and assesses the effectiveness in reaching the reduction of inequality pursued by this measure. With the use of a CGE model, it is shown that there could be expected significant structural changes that will be accompanied by a decline in number of large farms in favour of smaller groups of farms. This result suggests that large farms in the Czech Republic do not seem to benefit from the economies of scale and they are equally dependent on subsidies as other farms. With respect to the distributional changes, the paper demonstrates that the progressive capping could moderately reduce the inequality in direct payment distribution but it can create another inequality if it comes to the distribution of direct payments per employee.
EN
Regional diversification in the Polish agriculture is a result of climatic and social conditions, as well as historical developments. The aim of this paper is the assessment of the role that the CAP plays in the transformation of Polish agriculture is based on a comparative analysis of data on agriculture and the use of support by individual regions since the Polish EU accession until 2013. The results indicate the widening gaps in the development of agriculture in Polish regions. Regions with small farms receive less support for improving agricultural competitiveness. It is necessary to take account of these differences and design policy measures better targeted at individual needs of each of the regions. It seems that CAP does not shrink regional diversity of the Polish agriculture. However, it appears that it is not a key factor leading to an increase in this diversity, but an additional factor alongside with current conditions for conducting different types of agricultural activity.
PL
Zróżnicowanie regionalne polskiego rolnictwa wynika z uwarunkowań przyrodniczo-klimatycznych i historycznych. Celem artykułu była ocena roli, jaką WPR odgrywa w przemianach polskiego rolnictwa. Opiera się ona na analizie porównawczej danych dotyczących rolnictwa i wykorzystania wsparcia przez poszczególne regiony od 2004 do 2013 roku. Wyniki wskazują na pogłębianie się różnic w rozwoju regionalnym polskiego rolnictwa. Regiony o rozdrobnionym rolnictwie w mniejszym stopniu korzystają ze wsparcia wzrostu konkurencyjności sektora. Konieczne jest uwzględnienie tych różnic w instrumentach wsparcia i przygotowanie rozwiązań dopasowanych do specyficznych potrzeb regionów. WPR nie ograniczyła różnic regionalnych w polskim rolnictwie. Wydaje się, iż środki UE wzmacniają bieżące uwarunkowania prowadzenia działalności rolnej i możliwości konkurowania na rynku różnego typu gospodarstw w zależności od ich wielkości, usytuowania i rodzaju prowadzonej działalności.
EN
In 2013 the production of tractors as well as of majority of farm machines was smaller than a year earlier. Larger production was noted only in cases of rototillers, fertilizer spreaders, harvester threshers, potato diggers and poultry facilities. In 2014 the production of tractors increased by 33.8%, but the production of harvester threshers decreased by 22.8%. The share of Poland in European Union production of tractors (in units) amounted to 1.9% and in the value of total farm machinery produced – 3.7%. The clear correlation between home sales and production of tractors has not been observed.
EN
The aim of the paper is topresent theopinions of MemberStates with regard tothe future ofthe Common Agricultural Policyafter 2013, as compared to the proposal of the European Commission.In this context,there is an attempt to defineareasof possiblecompromise onthe CAPchangesin the financial perspective2014-2020. The publication allowsthe readerto forma review of the likelyreform ofagricultural policy andits consequencesfor Polish agriculture. Possiblechanges inthe CAPwill address:a new system ofdirect payments, with their “greening”, extensionof market interventioninstrumentsforrisk management,as well as widerand more flexiblesupport for rural development. From the standpoint of the interests of Polish agriculture the following questions must be assessed positively: maintaining the current level of funding of the CAP and its distribution into two pillars; progressive alignment of direct payments and recognition of the area of agricultural land as a fundamental criterion for the allocation of payments, as well as support for small farms and young farmers.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie opinii państw członkowskich UE co do kształtu przyszłej wspólnej polityki rolnej po 2013 roku, na tle stanowiska Komisji Europejskiej. W tym kontekście zostanie podjęta próba określenia możliwego obszaru kompromisu w zakresie zmian WPR w perspektywie finansowej 2014-2020. Publikacja, ze względu na jej cele, ma po części charakter przeglądowy, aby pozwolić czytelnikowi na wyrobienie sobie poglądu na temat prawdopodobnejreformy polityki rolnej i jej skutków dla polskiego rolnictwa. Prawdopodobne zmiany WPR dotyczyć będą: nowego systemu płatności bezpośrednich wraz z ich „zazielenieniem”, rozszerzenia instrumentów interwencji rynkowej o mechanizmy zarządzania ryzykiem, większego i bardziej elastycznego wsparcia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Z punktu widzenia interesów polskiego rolnictwa pozytywnie należy ocenić przede wszystkim utrzymanie obecnego poziomu finansowania WPR i jej podziału na dwa filary, stopniowe wyrównywanie dopłat bezpośrednich i uznanie docelowo powierzchni użytków rolnych za podstawowe kryterium podziału płatności, czy też wsparcie dla małych gospodarstw rolnych oraz młodych rolników.
EN
It is generally believed that agricultural interventionism under the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy represents the payment of political rents to farmers. The authors attempt to show that the concept of political rent known as the rent-seeking theory is not valid for agricultural policy. It is not justified to identify the whole of the subsidies paid to agriculture in the EU as a “political rent”, since political rents cannot be taken to include payments for the supply of public goods or those transfers which compensate for market imperfections. A methodology is proposed for valuing these items, filling a gap existing in the literature on political economy. The authors perform comparative analyses with the aim of calculating the “pure political rent”, based on input-output matrices for representative farms according to the EUFADN typology and on a decomposition of the Hicks-Moorsteen TFP index for the period 2007–2012 and all EU-27 countries. The research hypothesis is proposed that the size of the subsidies retained in agriculture is a function of the political cycle, but also of market imperfections.
PL
Powszechnie uważa się, że subsydiowanie rolnictwa w ramach wspólnej polityki rolnej UE jest wypłacaniem rent politycznych dla rolników. Autorzy podjęli próbę pokazania, że uznawanie całej sumy subsydiów dla rolnictwa w UE za „rentę polityczną” jest niesłuszne z punktu widzenia definicji renty politycznej sformułowanej w teorii wyboru publicznego. Za rentę polityczną nie można uznać bowiem opłaty za dostarczanie dóbr publicznych oraz transferów kompensujących inne zawodności rynku (np. asymetrię informacji). Zaproponowano metodologię wyceny tych działań w celu oszacowania tzw. czystej renty politycznej, bazując na macierzach input-output dla gospodarstw reprezentatywnych wg FADN i rachunkach zmiany produktywności całkowitej. Autorzy sformułowali hipotezę badawczą, że wielkość subsydiów jest nie tylko funkcją lobbingu politycznego, ale także (jeśli nie przede wszystkim) funkcją zawodności rynku dotyczących dóbr publicznych i asymetrii informacji. Przeprowadzone badania pokazały, że udział czystej renty politycznej w rachunku wyników gospodarstw rolnych zależy od typu struktury agrarnej. Co ciekawe jednak, mechanizm rent-seeking, mimo globalnego układu cen rolnych, różni się znacząco w zależności od struktury agrarnej.
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