The aim of the discussion is to update the issue of a holding, especially the views of the doctrine, and to expand the knowledge of this structure which is a typical economic and financial organization also in Poland. The concept of a holding is very broad - it refers to legal and balance- and tax-related aspects. Because of this, the discussion content was limited to the most significant issues connected with the functioning of a holding structure, i.e. its characteristic features, including historical aspects, controversies over a holding definition, advantages and disadvantages of this structure and legal background for founding and functioning of holding structures. In the present discussion the author uses book publications, articles in legal journals, judicial decisions of common courts of law and the Supreme Court, as well as articles prepared by law theoreticians and practitioners and published in the 'Rzeczpospolita'. During the analysis of the issue of a holding, attention was drawn to the following circumstances. There is a mess in the legal terminology in Poland because, first of all, the two terms: 'holding' and 'capital group' are used interchangeably regardless of the fact that the former one has a broader meaning. Moreover, it seems that it is necessary to take action aimed at the creation or amendment of some legal regulations in Poland that would increase the competitiveness of the economy for foreign investors. And these are the tasks which the structure of a holding especially serves.
Financial statements constitute the main source of the environment’s know-how of entity’s property and financial status, as well as its financial results. The financial in-formation contained therein is a basis for market users’ economic decisions, concerning mainly the resources and assets invested in a profit-making company in hope for future gains. Participants of the global financial market demand that the information contained in financial statements should be global in its character, i.e. comprehensible for all its receivers, regardless of the country of their origin. Such global financial information is however burdened with some peculiar risks. Moreover, participants of the global financial market are divided by a number of differences of cultural, legal and social nature. The specifics of global information require use of diversified methods, techniques and procedures as far as the assessment of its credibility is concerned. Therefore, it seems crucial for the modern audit to come out with a set of unified standards commonly used by the statutory auditors.
Capital groups are formed to the owners of entities composing them to bring tangible benefits, among other things financial. They arise as a result of searching for new ways of development, increase efficiency and improve competitiveness in the market. This confirms the example described in the article of the Group functioning in the province of Lublin.Not all effects resulting from the consolidation shall be measurable, not all can be quickly noted, this article presents the profitability of the entity before and after the consolidation process.
This article constitutes a detailed case study on the evolution on the personnel function in Zywiec Group that followed from the restructuring of the member breweries of the capital group. It covers the process of integration of the Group and changes to the human resources management system. It also contains theoretical reflections upon the role of HR specialists in the process of the integration of the companies. The organization of the personnel function has been presented here against a period spanning 3 years of GO activity (wider range of HR responsibility, increase in the number of specialists employed in HR, lower age, higher level of education).
Companies in the capital group, due to the large amount of cash flows between related parties, some of which show a surplus and other financial shortages, use modern financial services in order to optimize the financial results of the group. Cash pooling is one of these services.
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