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EN
The unifying of Polish penny coinage was a long-lasting and multi-stage process that went simultaneously with the political integration of the kingdom that was being built from many duchies and lands in the fourteenth century. There are three sorts of larger coins of King Casimir the Great (1333-70): the Cracow groschen, the kwartnik, and the third coin whose original name remains uncertain. The latter was probably a fourth part of the Cracow groschen and was perhaps called 'small kwartnik'. The large kwartniks of unstable standard were coined in profusion. The king established their compulsory rate as a half groschen. Just after the king's death, in 1370, the governor of Great Poland devalued kwartniks to a quarter groschen, which caused commotion since these coins were actually not so much debased. The Cracow groschen (and small kwartniks) must have been struck earlier. It was probably at the latest in 1365, roughly simultaneously with a similar coinage in Teutonic Prussia. They might have been an unsuccessful attempt to introduce an autonomous groschen coinage, independent from Bohemian issuing authorities.
EN
After 1343 the political activities of Casimir the Great were especially aimed toward subordination of Red Ruthenia. It was also the topic of the king's meeting with the Grand Master of the Order of the Teutonic Knights Winrich von Kniprode, held in Malbork (Marienburg) in October 1365. The purpose was to ascertain at least sympathetic neutrality of the Order during the expedition to Volhynia against the Lithuanians that was planned for the following year. The state of bilateral relations fostered the cooperation (the last short misunderstanding was the conflict about Rajgrod in 1360) and the intensification of fights between the Order and Lithuania was also helpful.
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