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1

HLOHOVEC VO VÍRE VOJENSKÝCH UDALOSTÍ A ICH DÔSLEDKY V ROKOCH 1401 – 1650. VOJENSKÉ UDALOSTI, KTORÉ POSTIHLI HLOHOVEC ZAČIATKOM 15. STOROČIA (1401 – 1403)

100%
Gálik Z.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2019
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vol. 23
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issue 2
330 – 367
EN
The author describes military events which affected Hlohovec in the period between the beginning of the 15th century and the first half of the 17th century. Furthermore, there are mentioned the impacts of military invasions and looting, such as the phenomenon of outlaws, moss-troopers and the declining number of inhabitants. The study also notices the discontent of some noblemen and tycoons with the reign of Sigismund of Luxembourg in the years 1401 – 1403. As in the period Hlohovec castle was conquered twice, the author presents the most common techniques of fortress conquering at the end of the 14th century and the 1st half of the 15th century. Other military events affected Hlohovec during the period of the Hussites invasions in 1430 – 1431. The study also refers to the period of the activities of the Bratríci armies in the area of south-western Slovakia, especially in Svätý Peter (at present a part of Hlohovec) and Veľké Kostoľany. An important part of the study is the Turkish invasion in the area of Hlohovec and the resistance to the Habsburgs in context with the history of Hlohovec. Finally, the study describes the appearance of Hlohovec castle in the period between the beginning of the 15th century to the first half of 17th century, based on written and archaeological sources.
2

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TEUTONIC ORDER CASTLE IN RAGNETA AT THE TURN OF THE 15TH C. (Budowa krzyzackiego zamku komturskiego w Ragnecie w koncu XIV-na poczatku XV wieku i jego uklad przestrzenny)

100%
Jozwiak S., Trupinda J.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 3-4
340-368
EN
Research on the construction of Teutonic Order castles in Prussia in the 13th -14th c. has a long tradition in historiography. It has clarified many aspects of the topic and has helped in the reconstruction of some of the castles. So far the research has primarily been undertaken by art historians, archaeologists, builders (not necessarily architects) or German and Polish amateur hobbyists, while professional historians have not been particularly interested in the subject. Therefore, one of the shortcomings of previous studies was the authors' insufficient familiarity with written sources, which actually allow us to verify a number of assumptions widely accepted in the literature but often being only poorly documented hypotheses based solely on analyses of preserved architectural details. Conclusions drawn from the insufficient source basis led to numerous errors, especially as concerns the dating, the process of construction and the spatial layout of the castles in question. Thus, the authors of the present article refer primarily to written sources, paying special attention to their dating and proper use. The article is focused on the construction of the last of the commandry castles built in Prussia before 1410, the one in Ragneta on the Niemen (German name - Ragnit, Russian name - Neman), 105 km north-east of Królewiec (Königsberg). The castle was built almost entirely of brick; it was designed as a square measuring 59x59 metres. The construction started in the summer of 1397. The outer walls with temporary roofing were ready in five years. In 1403 the interiors were being created, but it should be stressed that not all the wings were worked on simultaneously. Because of that in 1403, when the convent was moved to Ragneta from the previous seat of the commandry, only the ground and the first floor of the western and probably of the southern wing were habitable. As to the location of particular rooms, it is important to verify the widely held claims about the castle's 'chapter-house', which in fact was never built, and the refectory, which was actually situated on the first floor in the northern wing. It can no longer be maintained that the whole quadrangle was roofed and hence the construction was finished in 1405. Sources indicated that it happened in 1406 or 1407. Apart from verifying the details, the analysis of the written sources concerning the construction of the Ragneta castle leads to a more general reflection on the drawing and realization of architectural plans in those times. The documents indicate that many external and internal elements of the castle were demolished immediately after they were built (e.g. the vaults in rooms and cellars, partitions, window and door openings). This suggests that the construction of the complex might have been based only on a design specifying the measurements of its mass limited by the outer walls, while the question of interiors was left open and it was settled according to the current suggestions of the Grand Master or the brothers from the local convent. It seems that no design of the interiors existed before the outer walls had actually been built. Written sources give us very interesting details about the building of the well (in the years 1402-1409) or of the sanitary complex (danzker) with a gallery leading to it, which were all constructed of wood (1405/1406). It seems that the outbuildings of the castle should also be dated differently than in previous studies and they were actually built in the years 1407-1409. In sum, the brick castle in Ragneta was built in an impressively short period of about 12 years.
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CONTROVERSIES OVER THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE BERLIN CASTLE AS AN EXPRESSION OF THE DEBATE ON THE IDENTITY OF GERMANS (Kontrowersje wokól odbudowy zamku berlinskiego jako wyraz sporu o tozsamosc Niemców)

100%
Waginska-Marzec M.
Przegląd Zachodni
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2009
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issue 4(333)
65-99
EN
The reunification of Germany in 1990 led to a resumption of the issue of reshaping the historical center of Berlin. Plans to reconstruct the city castle, also known under the name of Berlin city palace, as a former seat of the margraves and electors of Brandenburg gave rise to considerable controversies. The original castle, erected in the years 1443-1451 by order of the Prince Elector Frederick II was in the course of time redecorated and rebuilt a number of times. Towards the end of the Second World War it was seriously damaged. As a result of the division of Germany the complex of the castle together with the Museum Island was within the territory of the GDR. In 1950, at the request of Walter Ulbrich, the then leader of the communist SED, the remains of the castle were demolished and in 1973 the Palace of the Republic was built on the site. Following the reunification of Germany, a special body of experts: the Berlin Historical Center (Historische Mitte Berlin) was summoned with a task to work out concrete solutions for the development of the castle site and the architectonic shape of the new castle building as well as to prepare a statement of the purposes the building was to serve in the future. On 28 November 2008 the verdict of the jury was announced concerning the project of the castle's reconstruction and the winner was an Italian architect, Francesco Stella. In accordance with the recommendations of the Historische Mitte Berlin Committee, the new castle building for which the name of Humboldt-Forum was adopted, is to become a place of 'dialogue between cultures and science', serving museum and university purposes. The building is to be completed in 2013, and at the latest in 2015. The debate over the castle revealed differences in attitudes to tradition and past events as well as varying visions of the future in the German society. It is an expression of seeking their national identity by the Germans after the fall of the Berlin wall. It also exposed differences in aesthetic attitudes between supporters of tradition and advocates of innovative architecture.
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Červené Poříčí, zámek a park v krajině

88%
Ryšavý V.
Historická geografie (Historical Geography)
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2009
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vol. 35
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issue 1
249-265
EN
The article focuses on the castle garden in Červené Poříčí (West Bohemia) and comprises also pictures some of which are the naive original paintings made by the demesne administrator; summarizes all so far known important information regarding the history of the construction and furnishing of the castle and the castle garden in Červené Poříčí.
5

HRADY, HRADSKÉ KOMITÁTY A POČIATOK ŠĽACHTICKÝCH STOLÍC

88%
Steinhübel J.
Vojenská história
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2021
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vol. 25
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issue 1
7 - 39
EN
In the published paper, the author, a prominent Slovak medievalist, based on all the available period sources and the latest scientific research of the Slovak and Hungarian literature, analyses and synthesises the historical development of castles, castle counties and noble counties since Great Moravia until the first three (or four) centuries of the Kingdom of Hungary. Furthermore, he clarifies the historical development of the officers of these historical and administrative units and maps the main content of their operation based on the particular contemporary source examples. The historical and semantic explanation of the discussed concepts – as provided convincingly by the author – has a great significance in terms of establishing all the aforementioned concepts in the further development of the Slovak historical terminology, since there is no consistency among the historians regarding their use. In the study, the author states that the title “župani” (county heads, comites) had their origin in the princely and royal retinue (county, comitatus).They first surrounded a prince and then king, advising them and fighting for their interests. Several of them participated in the state administration, becoming the court and castle counts. The castle county in Hungary connected the county (vármegye) and royal county (várispanság) under the administration of the local county head. The royal county was a royal property subject to the castle, located both inside and outside the castle territory. Thanks to the royal donations, the royal county was giving way to the expanding noble county (nemesi megye).
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Hrad jako symbol v myšlení české středověké šlechty

75%
Simunek R.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2010
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vol. 108
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issue 2
185-219
EN
Attention is being given to the castle as a symbol of power, a representative symbol and an expressive means of symbolic communication in the medieval community; the chronological framework covers the period from the 12th (13th) century until the end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th centuries; the aim is to reconstruct the spectrum of castle symbolism with the focus on the Czech environment in the comparative framework of Central Europe.
7

BRATISLAVSKÝ KOMITÁT

75%
Steinhübel J.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2012
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vol. 60
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issue 2
191 – 214
EN
The County of Bratislava had its castle district (vármegye) and castle shire (várispanság). The castle župa was the castle property, where the castle people and castle jobagioni lived. The territory of Bratislava castle district had three districts: Podhorie, Medzivodie and Čalov (Ostrov – the Island). Three small counties were also subject to the Sheriff of Bratislava: The County of Stupava consisted of the southern tip of Záhorie. It broke up when the king granted Stupava, Devín and the rest of the County of Stupava to the Austrian Count Ruger of Tallesbrunn, probably in 1296. The County of Šaštín or later Holíč included the greater part of Záhorie. In 1296, King Andrew III granted the County of Holíč, or to be more exact its shire to the deputy sheriff (podžupan) of Bratislava Abraham Ryšavý. The County of Šintava did not have a castle district, but only a small and very scattered shire. The Sheriff of Šintava Truslef died in 1261 and the king gave Šintava Castle and its whole county to Truslef’s brother Leopold.
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ZANIKNUTÝ STREDOVEKÝ HRÁDOK V NITRIANSKEJ STREDE. VÝSLEDKY ARCHEOLOGICKÉHO, ARCHITEKTONICKO-HISTORICKÉHO A GEOFYZIKÁLNEHO VÝSKUMU

75%
Pažinová N., Bóna M., Tirpák J.
Študijné zvesti
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2013
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issue 53
103 - 115
EN
The aim of the paper is to present the results of archaeological, architectural-historical and geophysical investigations in relation to the dehumidification of masonry foundation of a national cultural monument Lutheran church in Nitrianska Streda (ÚZ PF 11276/0). The church is situated on the western edge of the lowland village of Nitrianska Streda, on the left Nitra river bank. The archaeological research conducted by Department of Archaeology in Nitra in 2010 brought to light late medieval and modern period pottery fragments and older architecture. For this reason architectural-historical survey of uncovered architecture followed the research. As the southern continuation of the three identified structures were with high probability completely destroyed by the church foundations and crypt, the expected results on the nature of the estate brought the geo-radar research in the northern neighbourhood of the church. Examined national cultural monument can be after results of the research extended to an archaeological site – extinguished late medieval castle. On this site was build the church in 1748 and in 1811 enriched by a tower. The castle is mentioned in written sources from the second half of the 14th century.
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MIKULÁŠ UJLAKI (ILOCKÝ) A JEHO HRADNÉ PANSTVÁ NA ÚZEMÍ DNEŠNÉHO SLOVENSKA – KORLÁTKA, HLOHOVEC, TEMATÍN

75%
Gálik Z.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2016
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vol. 20
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issue 1
64 – 90
EN
The study deals with Mikuláš Ujlaki, a leading Hungarian nobleman who was in military and diplomatic services of Hungarian kings Zigmund of Luxembourg, Albert of Habsburg, Ladislaus V. the Posthumous and Matthias Corvinus, and his castle properties which are situated in the area of present Slovakia – Korlátko, Hlohovec and Tematín. The author focuses on the castle of Hlohovec and the town of Hlohovec. He also notices noblemen who were in Mikuláš Ujlaki´s services (e.g. Osvald of Bučany, Ladislav of Díč and numerous castellans at his castles).
10
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STREDOVEKÁ A NOVOVEKÁ KERAMIKA SEVEROZÁPADNÉHO SLOVENSKA

75%
Španihel S.
Študijné zvesti
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2014
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issue 55
141 - 181
EN
This article summarizes the results of the author ś thesis as well as reflects some new facts from his doctoral work. The main goal was to create the evolutional schemes of pottery from cities, castles, bulwarks, manors and similar fortified high-placed locations of North-western Slovakia. Tiles and pipes, as part of potter’s production, are included too. The whole described collection dates back to a relatively long time period, from the High Middle Ages to the end of the Early Modern Age (13th – 18th centuries). The secondary aims include the relations of pottery production to the neighbouring areas (South-western Slovakia, Silesias, North-eastern Moravia, and Lesser Poland), the creation of ceramic-material classes of pottery and the percentage and typological comparison of ceramics from cities, castles and fortified high-placed locations.
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KACHLICE Z HRADU V TOPOĽČIANKACH

63%
Ruttkay M.
Študijné zvesti
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2008
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issue 43
123 - 234
EN
In 1990 salvage excavations were led at a renaissance and classicistic castle quadrangle in Topoľčianky. Building features and settlement layers containing pottery of the Prague type proved settlement of the 6th-8th century and the Great Moravian period as well. The next settlement phase occurred during the second half of the 12th and the first half of the 13th century. The newly constructed tower is of slightly irregular shape and respecting geomorphological features of the space. A huge fire layer from the first half of the 16th century is probably corresponding with a report from 1535, according to which the castle had been burned down and plundered and slowly decaying. The new castle started to be built on the filled-up moats in the second half of the 16th century. Tiles and their fragments are a significant group among thousands of finds from different historical periods. A great variability of tiles indicates that more castle rooms were heated up by tiled heaters mainly in the 17th century. The founded fragments are remains of at least 489 tiles that can be divided into two main groups - box tiles and bowl tiles. The box tiles decorations have two main motifs: religious - St. Margaret (so-called the Banská Bystrica tiles), St. Ladislaus, The Last Judgement, Twelve maidens, The Crucifixion, The Holy Ghost, The Annunciation, Moses, St. George fighting the Dragoon, and other motifs of unidentified saints; secular - knight, burgher, fighter/hunter, halberdier; heraldic – escutcheon boy with Hungarian emblem, lion; architectonic - the most frequently used combined with other motifs (mostly various portals, columns, etc.); vegetal and geometric motifs – the most frequent group mainly in the 17th century (large scale of tendrils, leaves, stalks, full-blown branch lets, etc.); tiles with fragments of inscriptions were sporadic. As far as the tiles dating or stratigraphy is concerned, they can be divided into two bigger groups: 1. Tiles found in ground-levelling layers of the old castle (second half of the 15th - 16th century). These tiles can be classified into the older (second half of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century; Table 1) and younger (second and third of the 16th century; Table 2) horizons. 2. Tiles discovered in a waste pit in ground-levelling layers of the pulled down castle (the 17th century; Table 3).
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