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AIUNT NON VOS ESSE PAPAM, SED ME. SVÄTÝ BERNARD, RÍMSKI BISKUPI A PÁPEŽSTVO V ZRKADLE KOREŠPONDENCIE

100%
Zupka D.
Konštantínove listy
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2020
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vol. 13
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issue 2
76 - 88
EN
Bernard of Clairvaux (1090 – 1153) belongs to the most important historical figures of the first half of the twelfth century. Almost 500 letters were preserved form his monumental works until today. These letters were sent to most important personalities of the secular and spiritual world of his day. This article seeks to analyse and interpret the relation of Saint Bernard with popes as leader of the Catholic Church and with the papacy as an institution destined to lead the faithful to the eternal salvation. The abbot of Clairvaux kept vivid contacts with all the popes reigning between 1124 and 1153. In the case of Innocent II and Eugene III one can say that he even actively enabled their instalment on the throne of St. Peter. Just like in the case of monasticism, episcopate or lay princes, Bernard took a similar approach towards the popes. He enforced his vision of the papacy. Bernard was also able to transform these visions to real life and so he exercised a double impact on the most important institution of the Christian world.
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Vliv laiků v církvi v 11. století

100%
Matějek M.
Studia theologica
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2008
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vol. 10
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issue 3
1-18
EN
The Gregorian Reform marked a significant turnover of the hitherto common order and the religious forms. The change evoked by this reform cannot be regarded as revolutionary, it is rather a continuous transition process. The period of investiture controversy was more than an era of conflicts between ecclesiastical and secular rulers, but of efforts to eliminate the principal deficiencies afflicting the Church. Based on an analysis of information sources in the 2nd half of the 11th century, an appeal for return to the original conditions of the Church on the territory of the Italian Peninsula not only among the clergymen but also among the laymen became apparent. In particular, the condemnation of simony had a vital impact. Radical changes in the understanding of sovereign power and the challenge to the secular world, which controlled ecclesiastical appointments, did not go unnoticed.
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