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EN
The article presents the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration that is a leading educational institution on training for public service system, public and municipal administration. In academy special attention is given to the process of professional development modernization of civil servants, training of specialists on a wide range of programs of higher, additional and postgraduate education in the field of humanitarian and social sciences. For professional development of civil servants in educational process of the Pskov branch two interconnected approaches are used: valuable and competence development on the basis of partnership principle. The use of the competence development approach in the educational process is connected with the third generation standards which widely take root into the education system of modern Russia. The use of these approaches is possible on the basis of partnership principles in a lecturer-student system. Acquired experience showed that civil servant training is effective when it mentions valuable orientation system, career growth prospects and business communication system. The use of two interconnected approaches (valuable and competence development) in educational process of higher educational institution on the basis of partnership principle can promote valuable orientation development and professional competences of civil servants.
EN
The critical issue for proper functioning of civil services (CS) in Poland is proper normalization of legal status of civil servants, notably those assigned to managerial positions and other independent positions related to performance of tasks for the State, by issuing decisions, their procurement or execution. Civil Service Act dated 24 August 2006 has, however, some shortcomings. Among most serious are: too narrow itemized scope of Act, no implementation of equal access to CS principle, which affects the transparency of recruitment to CS and competition status of CS qualification procedure. Some other regulations, concerning remunerations, working time in CS, and some solutions of collective employment law, are to be altered. Based on discussions the thesis can be put forward that deeper amendment to Civil Service Act, as well as other regulations, is required to normalize indicidual elements governing civil servants' legal status, one compliant with international law.
EN
The paper explores various policy designs of financial aid provided above the legal standard in some of the municipalities in the Czech Republic and aims to describe the specifics of those of the designs which were introduced by civil servants. The paper is theoretically based on the concepts of social construction of target populations, street-level bureaucracy and co-operation between politicians and civil servants. The case study of nine policy designs of the financial aid in five Czech municipalities reveal that both the role of civil servants introducing policy and the level of their discretion are derived from the relationship of the civil servant with respective politician. Financial aid introduced by civil servants has – compared to the aid introduced by politicians – lower budget and its target populations are narrower. At the same time, the civils servants´ designs support individuals from generally negatively constructed populations who are usually addressed by repressive policies.
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