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1

The Formation and Effects of Clusters in the European Union

100%
Pilarska C.
Argumenta Oeconomica Cracoviensia
|
2012
|
issue 8
97-126
EN
The article describes issues connected with the functioning of clusters in the EU, which is not homogenous in this matter. The EU-15 countries vastly exceed the newly accepted EU countries both in terms of the number of functioning clusters, their degree of development and their level of technological advancement. This article consists of five parts, which, among other things, define a cluster and present factors that are decisive in the formation of these structures and the stages of their formation. The article also focuses on the effects of cluster functioning in the EU, particularly in the context of their influence on employment, innovativeness and revenue generated. In the study the role of public authorities in forming and functioning of cluster structures in the EU area is also emphasised.
2

CREATING OF CLUSTERS RELATIONS CAPITAL (Budowanie kapitalu relacji w klastrach)

80%
Buszko A., Wierzbicka W.
Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2009
|
issue 1(41)
34-46
EN
The aim of this paper is to present the role of clusters as an important factor in region's intellectual capital. Special attention was paid to relations capital which develops the intellectual capital not only in the region but in the company as well. The clusters play a very important role in company development in a way of gathering different kinds of organizations, stimulate innovation and help to maintain the relations. The net of clusters connection is based upon the human capital (relation) that helps to create new and more effective relations. The effects are not related to the members of the cluster but to the business environment as well. This relations capital is very important for intellectual regional assets and determines competitiveness.
3

Polityka rozwoju klastrów w województwie podlaskim – dotychczasowe doświadczenia i kierunki rozwoju

80%
Klimczuk-Kochańska M.
Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2012
|
issue 4(58)
155-173
EN
The development of clusters is part of the process of deindustrialisation of the economy. However, there is a scarcity of guidelines for future management aimed at the creation of new efficient structures of this type. In other words, a lack of clear policies of cluster development can be observed in most countries and regions. This is partly justifiable, as the development of enterprises, and the establishment of cooperation between firms, is largely dependent on the specific economic, social and legal conditions of individual countries, and these can vary widely from one state to another. The author attempts to analyse the cluster development policy carried out in Podlaskie Voivodeship, which is among Europe’s most challenged regions. The analysis is based on the guidelines for cluster development proposed by S.A. Rosenfeld.
4

VYUŽITÍ MODELU ZALOŽENÉHO NA PŘÍSTUPU RESIDUAL INCOME PRO MĚŘENÍ VÝKONNOSTI KLASTRU A FIREM V KLASTRECH

80%
Dehning B., Pavelková D.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2009
|
vol. 57
|
issue 3
230-246
EN
Clusters of interrelated firms could be an important source of competitive advantage. However, measuring the performance of clusters and firms within clusters is difficult. In this paper the authors show how the residual income model can be used to measure the performance of clusters and firms within clusters. This is accomplished by separating the performance due to cluster membership from the performance due to firm-specific factors. The developed model should be of particular interest to managers of firms within clusters and the public sector in determining appropriate interventions for forming and supporting clusters.
5

THE ROLE OF CLUSTERS IN NEW FORMS OF INNOVATION (Znaczenie klastrów w tworzeniu nowych form innowacji)

80%
Kowalski A. M.
Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2010
|
issue 3 (47)
228-245
EN
The article focuses on the concept of clusters and its importance in creating new forms of innovation. By new forms of innovation we mean new methods of creating innovation and enhancing innovation processes, for example through engaging final users from the early stages of research and development (R&D) according to the user driven innovation (UDI) approach, as well as new types of created innovations, especially non-technological ones. Cluster structures which are one of the best diagnosed methods to stimulate horizontal cooperation in the economy, may be an effective mechanism for creating new forms of innovation. It is supported by the fact that both the concept of clusters and new forms of innovation are connected to the strategy of open innovation, derived from the modern model of innovation processes, based primarily on interactions and cooperation between different types of actors of national innovation systems. Case studies of clusters from Austria, France and Sweden confirm that cluster structures create favourable conditions for new forms of innovation, which require that companies acquire new skills and also enter into interactions with external actors, customers and other enterprises.
6
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Współpraca w ramach klastrów szansą na rozwój dla polskich przedsiębiorstw

80%
Ławecki M.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
|
2012
|
vol. 1
|
issue 2
31-42
EN
The article presents the concept of clusters and the opportunities for polish companies related to the cooperation in cluster structures. Key advantages of such a cooperation are pointed in that elaboration as well as a key factors of clusters successful building. Article includes also the analysis, based on the researches, of polish conditioning for clusters creation and effective development. It is also indicated the author opinion about the chances of polish companies to exploit the clusters in a productive way.
7
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Klastry turystyczne szansą rozwoju mikroregionów

80%
Sikora K.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
|
2012
|
vol. 1
|
issue 2
55-66
EN
Tourism clusters generate many economical benefits and provide necessary tools for obtaining competitive advantages of regions on the market. Polish tourism industry does not implement clustering policy sufficiently. Thus there is a strong need for de-termination of factors affecting clusters formation and creating substancial support in terms of policy realization. It will be helpful in boosting economies of regions specialized in tourism.
8
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Fundusze unijne wspierające tworzenie i rozwój struktur klastrowych na przykładzie województwa wielkopolskiego

80%
Spychała M.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
|
2012
|
vol. 1
|
issue 2
43-54
EN
The role of clusters in today’s economy is significant. They become a tool to implement EU regional policy. The main purpose of this article is to present possibilities of obtaining by clusters of financial support from EU funds on the example of the Wielkopolska Province. These possibilities are very wide.
9
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Analiza elementów polityki i źródeł wsparcia rozwoju klastrów w Polsce

80%
Kwietniewska-Sobstyl M.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
|
2012
|
vol. 1
|
issue 2
111-121
EN
This paper explores various aspects of working out and implementing development policies based on clusters (cluster-based policies – CBPs). The clusters are a recognized tool that can be employed for increasing competitiveness of enterprises and the whole regions as well. However, one should remember that there is no such thing as one, proven and universal model of improving competitiveness of economies through stimulation of clustering processes. Therefore, continuous monitoring of emerging cluster initiatives as well as evaluation and, if needed, adjustment of adopted cluster-based policies with active participation of regional authorities is crucial to ensure lasting growth of competitiveness both particular enterprises and the national economy as a whole.
10
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Uwarunkowania rozwoju klastrów w specjalnych strefach ekonomicznych w Polsce

80%
Piątyszek-Pych A.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
|
2012
|
vol. 1
|
issue 2
99-110
EN
Globalization is the major challenge the economies of all countries currently face. The process of globalization, however, does not exclude an economy of strong regional and local character. The regions and their development became subject to the rules of market economy and free competition. However, the mechanism of an open market has a lot of limitations which consequentially leads to occurrence of so-called market failure the manifestation of which are differences in regional development constituting grounds to allow for intervention of a country within the framework of regional policy. Special economic zones are a form of state interventionism in Poland. Development of clusters is one of the concepts the operation of SEZs in Poland is currently based on. The aim of this article is to present factors conditioning emergence and development of clusters in Polish SEZs. In the article, the theoretical issues connected with subject matter of a region, regional policy, clusters as well as emergence and functioning of special economic zones were discussed. In further section of the article a characterization of Polish economic zones was conducted and results of their functioning in the context of their impact on emergence and development of clusters were presented.
11
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Zaplanowane działanie czy przypadek: kreacja i rozwój klastrów biotechnologicznych

80%
Kania A.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
|
2012
|
vol. 1
|
issue 2
67-77
EN
The aim of this paper is to present the key factors that led to creation and development of biotech clusters. The analysis of four cases in different countries shows that the way to build successful biotech clusters varies immensely. However, it was possible to distinguish the most common success factor: in all presented cases it was the presence of reputable universities and research institutes in the region.
12

CLUSTERING IN THE ECONIMIC DEVELOPMENT OF POLAND (Powiazania klastrowe w procesie gospodarczego rozwoju Polski)

80%
Szostek D. J.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2009
|
vol. 12
|
issue 3(44)
EN
Cluster is a group of spatially concentrated enterprises and institutions linked by a net of interrelations that are very often informal. The aim of the cluster is to use concentrated resources to reach permanent competitive advantage. In a cluster enterprises can reach synergy effect and better results than alone. It is possible thanks to many advantages of clusters such as: less bureaucracy, more investments, more innovations and the possibility to get grants from the EU. In the article the author presents the figures from desk research conducted on enterprises located in the east of Poland. The figures let us look ahead with optimism, because a large number of these enterprises see advantages in creating clusters.
13

KLASTRY: MÓDNÍ POJEM, NEBO SKUTEČNÝ ZDROJ KONKURENCESCHOPNOSTI?

80%
Blažek J., Kuncová I.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2011
|
vol. 59
|
issue 3
225 – 242
EN
This article seeks to contribute to current debate on the role of clusters in the competitiveness of member firms, by investigating the actual contribution of recently established clusters and by analysing the intensity and nature of the links within two clusters, in the Czech Republic. The analysis is based on data, acquired through qualitative research – interviews – with both members and non-members of the two selected clusters (Clutex, a textile cluster, and Plastr, comprised of firms operating in the plastic industry). The results provide no decisive proof concerning the contribution of clusters to firm competitiveness; however, the interviewed firms recognise and appreciate several advantages of their cluster membership, such as joint research, joint purchasing of materials, improved marketing opportunities. Surprisingly, much more intensive links were discovered in the case of the Clutex cluster, whose members are not concentrated in one region, as are Plastr’s members, but are spread over several regions. This indicates the relevance of other factors, such as cognitive and organizational proximity, on the intensity of inter-firm linkages.
14
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OD BORDERS FOR THE FLOW OF CAPITAL

80%
Goetz M.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2008
|
issue 3(328)
170-179
EN
The article is an attempt to trace the changing role of international borders in the international flow of capital in the form of direct foreign investments (DFI). Borders understood in the conventional sense as factors hindering a free migration of investments (disruption of optimal allocation) but at the same time also vindicating the existence of many capital flows (the motive of availing oneself of broadly understood differences) seem to be losing significance. However, what is being observed is the growing role of informal, 'soft' and tacit borders that render the making of full profit impossible. They can be particularly painful in the case of knowledge-seeking investments made in clusters. Narrow specialization accompanied by a hermetic character of many such clusters is a major barrier in the activity of foreign business entities. Contrary to state borders, this barrier cannot be lifted by means of imposed administrative decisions.
15

Klaster jako forma organizacyjna współpracy gospodarczej opartej na wiedzy

80%
Łukasik P., Potocki A.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
|
2011
|
issue 871
45-57
EN
This article describes the role of clusters in knowledge sharing. It presents a general theory of clusters including a definition, types of clusters, and ways of setting them up. The main part of the article concentrates on: – the knowledge creation process in a cluster, described using SECI model, – cluster typology.The article is based on the study of both Polish and foreign literature.
16
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COOPERATION OF ENTERPRISES WITH OTHER ENTITIES IN THE AREA OF INNOVATION ACTIVITY

80%
Strychalska-Rudzewicz A., Grzybowska B.
Olsztyn Economic Journal
|
2007
|
vol. 2
|
issue 1
124-139
EN
The paper presents the results of empirical studies on cooperation of enterprises with other entities in the area of innovation activity that involved 156 enterprises from the region of northeastern Poland. It was studied whether enterprises cooperate in the area of innovation with three groups of partners, i.e. their suppliers and buyers, with other enterprises and with scientific institutions (institution carrying scientific research) as well as organizations dealing with transfer of innovations. Attempts were made to obtain an answer concerning the objective of cooperation and its subject. The cooperation was much more frequently undertaken by larger entities and it involved a wide range of partner institutions. Quite frequently other enterprises with the same or similar type of activity were partners. The cooperation occurred most frequently within the chain of supplier-processor-buyer, which is consistent with the global trends. The cooperation with suppliers most frequently focused on searching for new raw materials of better quality than those used so far while that with the buyers focused mainly on obtaining knowledge on expectations and preferences of clients. Unfortunately small and medium enterprises represent a low level of cooperation with innovation transfer institutions. As a consequence, activities supporting that transfer are necessary.
17
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Europejskie inicjatywy na rzecz zwiększania innowacyjności i konkurencyjności gospodarki przez internacjonalizację klastrów

70%
Kowalski A.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2011
|
issue 1
79-100
EN
The article focuses on the concept of clusters as innovative industrial structures and their role in the European Union economic policy. Firstly, it considers different economic benefits from clustering for enterprises as well as for regional and national economy. Secondly, it focuses on modern processes of internationalization of clusters, proving that after regional networking among local units it is time to generate interregional cooperation links and trans-border networks of clusters. Thirdly, it presents the place of the concept of clusters in the EU policy, as shown in different documents, such as the Strategy “Europe 2020”. Particular attention is paid to European programmes and actions aiming at stimulation of transnational cooperation of cluster initiatives which may influence innovativeness and competitiveness of the economy by enhancing technology transfer, diffusion of innovation and greater human capital development and mobility. Cluster structures correspond to an observable fact of fragmentation of knowledge and capital that make efficient innovative economic activity dependent not only on the internal resources of the organisation, but primarily on the combination of knowledge and skills of different actors, institutions, industries and fields of science, also above national borders (technoglobalism). Therefore, the concept of cluster falls in line with modern generation of models of innovation process and innovation policy, emphasising the role of cooperation among enterprises and between enterprises and scientific bodies. Hence, they may play an important role in generating and accelerating innovation processes and act as growth poles for regional, national and European economy.
18

FUNDING STRUCTURE OF THE EUROPEAN AND NORTH AMERICAN CLUSTERS: RESULTS FROM AN INDEPENDENT QUESTIONNAIRE

61%
Burger P., Baumöhl E., Výrostová E.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2017
|
vol. 65
|
issue 6
485 – 504
EN
We use a unique dataset of 167 North American and European clusters’ funding structures, obtained from an independent questionnaire survey carried out in the first half of 2016. The aim of this study is to determine possible differences in the proportions of public and private funds in the financing clusters from these two regions. Our results show that there is not a statistically significant difference in public-to-private funding sources among the European vs. American clusters. The proportion of public-to-private sources is on average approximately 43:57 in both regions. However, overall private sources of financing are significantly higher than funds obtained from public sources when we compare average values without respect to geographical regions. Furthermore, using a seemingly unrelated regression model, we identify dominant sources of public funding – in the European clusters dominate European Union budgets (24.29%), and for American clusters, the more prevailing sources are national (26.25%) and local budgets (10%).
19

KLASTRY TECHNOLOGIÍ JAKO POTENCIÁLNÍ FAKTORY EFEKTIVNOSTI PODNIKU

61%
Janeček V., Hynek J., Skalská H.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2014
|
vol. 62
|
issue 9
959 – 974
EN
The article is focused on selected problems of manufacturing firms’ efficiency. One of the factors increasing efficiency should be utilization of advanced manufacturing technologies. The article deals with the hypothesis that technologies are utilized in sophisticated groups which can be named clusters of technologies. The content of the second hypothesis is an idea that the companies using clusters of technologies can have higher level of efficiency and better ability to response the economic depression than the other ones. The both hypotheses were verified on the base of results of the survey conducted among Czech manufacturing companies and the analysis of their financial reports during the period 2007 to 2011. Financial business indicators describing various aspects of firm efficiency are analysed and presented with the aim to verify the second hypothesis.
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