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1

SUPERNATURAL IDEAS IN THE PRACTICE OF NEO-SHAMANIST SPIRITUAL HEALING: CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTI-INTUITIVE QUALITITES (Nadprirodzene predstavy v neo-samanskej praxi: charakteristika anti-intuitivnych vlastnosti)

100%
Durcova A.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
|
2010
|
vol. 58
|
issue 1
24-40
EN
The article is concerned with spiritual healing in neo-shamanism. The presented materials were gathered during research in the Bratislava neo-shamanist group, led by the teacher from the Harner Foundation. Spiritual healing is the most important activity in the practice of neo-shamanism and faith in its success contributes to making neo-shamanism a successful movement. The article aims to show which cognitive factors can contribute to producing ideas of the efficacy of healing among the movement's adherents. Principally, attention is focused on analysis of the cognitive qualities of supernatural ideas which are activated during the rituals of the shamanist passage, and their connection with the idea of the efficacy of healing in neo-shamanism. The author bases her analysis of supernatural ideas on the theories of the French anthropologist Pascal Boyer. She shows that ideas are represented as agents with aims and with access to strategic information, on which the healing of the 'illness' depends. Her argument is that these qualities contribute to the faith of adherents in the success of neo-shamanist healing.
2

COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF COEXISTENCE OF CHRISTIAN AND FOLK BELIEFS: INTERPRETATIONS OF MISFORTUNE IN SLOVAK RURAL FOLK TALE

100%
Buzekova T.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2004
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vol. 52
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issue 2
140-152
EN
The article aims to explore the possibility of coexistence of two sets of beliefs - Christian beliefs and folk beliefs - on the individual level. Folk beliefs often contradict Christian doctrine. They are nevertheless spread in rural Slovak population, which is mainly Christian. The aim of the article is to answer two mutually related questions concerning this problem: What are the attitudes of Christian believers to supernatural concepts which do not belong to Christian doctrine? To what degree are believers conscious of inconsistency of folk beliefs and Christian doctrine? The authoress examines folk stories, containing supernatural non-Christian concepts, and expressing attitudes of informants. Since topics of these tales are extremely diverse and concern different situations, she concentrates on the specific problem -the interpretation of misfortune. Since the paper focuses on mental attitudes of persons towards certain cultural representations, she has chosen theoretical background of cognitive anthropology, dealing with relations between human mind and culture. The theories of anthropologists Dan Sperber and Pascal Boyer, which are particularly useful for tackling problems concerning supernatural concepts, are applied to Slovak supernatural folk tales. The authoress tries to show that acceptance of the supernatural concept depends on reliability of the source of information. Mental attitudes towards the supernatural concept may be of various kinds, and can not be characterized as a simple acceptation or declination. The person who has two sets of logically contradictory supernatural beliefs does not necessarily confront them. Such confrontation takes place in specific cases. According to the her, in most cases declination of folk supernatural concept is not caused by contradiction between the concept and official doctrine: it is the result of contradiction between the concept and set of intuitive beliefs. The spontaneous confrontation of folk beliefs and Christian ideas takes places if a person has specialized cognitive mechanisms for dealing with supernatural concepts. It means that the person uses them frequently: for instance, the person is interested in religious questions and reads about them for a long time. The article represents the application of theories of cognitive anthropology to folkloristic material. Such inter-disciplinary approach can contribute to the identification of processes of oral tradition and can help to clarify some problems concerning distribution of non-official religious concepts.
3

SOCIÁLNE REPREZENTÁCIE – KOGNITÍVNY VÝSKUMNÝ PROGRAM

88%
Kanovský M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2008
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vol. 63
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issue 5
397-406
EN
The paper gives an explanation of some ontological and epistemological commitments of a cognitive research program dealing with the social representations, which has been coined by Dan Sperber, namely of the epidemiology of representations. Social representations are described as causal chains linking together mental representations and public productions. The importance of the psychological aspects and external, historical aspects is stressed as necessary in explaining social phenomena. The paper reviews critically Durkheim's concept of social phenomena and an epistemologically more plausible alternative is offered.
4

FACTORS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONCEPTUALISATION OF REFUGEES (Faktory a dosledky konceptualizacie utecencov)

75%
Maur N.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
|
2010
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vol. 58
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issue 1
40-58
EN
The paper deals with the various factors involved in, and the consequences of, conceptualizing refugees. The paper is based on empirical data from the field research in Gabcikovo, where there had been a refugee camp. The author focuses on historical, social, cultural and political factors to explain how people conceptualize a refugee and how these factors interact with ethnic and racial essentialist representation. One of the factors shown by the author is the ethnic and racial classification of refugees. The main aim was to show that there are several factors constituting the concept of refugee. Liminality of refugees is discussed and the consequences of such a conceptualization are shown in this paper.
5

STIGMA IN SCHOOL (Stigma v skole)

75%
Bittnerova D., Doubek D., Levinska M.
Pedagogický časopis (Journal of Pedagogy)
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2011
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vol. 2
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issue 1
11-28
EN
The article is based on the anthropological research that was conducted between 2005 and 2010 as a part of two projects: The value of education from the Roma viewpoint (How Roma mothers understand education) and Function of cultural models in education (GACR reg. no. 406/05/P560 a reg. no. 406/08/0805). In the theoretical section, we build on the core concept of cognitive anthropology - schema theory (C. Strauss, R. D'Andrade). When considering the relation between culture and body we return to the ideas of M. Mauss (Les techniques des corps) and M. Foucalt (Discipline and punish). The theory of stigma draws upon the classical concept of E. Goffman. The practical section presents the results of our findings relating mostly to the different enculturation processes in Roma families and interaction at primary school that leads to the much criticised transfer to practical schools.
6
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Rarášok a zmok ako kultúrne reprezentácie alebo Prečo prežitky prežívajú?

63%
Buzekova T.
Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)
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2009
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vol. 19
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issue 4
240-249
EN
The paper focuses on the theoretical perspective of cognitive anthropology applied in study of folklore. The authoress aims to demonstrate that the terms 'folk beliefs' and 'superstitions' used in folkloristics relate to the definition of folklore as a 'survival' peculiar to the earlier anthropological theory of cultural evolution. Cognitive anthropology offers a different approach to study of cultural phenomena. From the cognitive point of view, the so-called superstitions are representations incorporating anti-intuitive concepts. Some of them could have their origin in old pagan beliefs, but this is not the main factor influencing their transmission: the distribution of anti-intuitive concepts is determined by how the human mind works. Narrations containing those concepts are related to a concrete social context and do not necessary refer to the religious feelings or religious faith. On the example of rarasok and zmok - supernatural beings from Slovak folk tales - the autoress demonstrates that the hypothetical religious origin of folklore images does not explain their present 'survival'. Distribution of rarasok and zmok's representations could be explained in terms of Pascal Boyer's theory. Rarasok and zmok appear in tales with interpretation of misfortune in terms of supernatural forces. Long-term reproduction of corresponding narrative schemata could be explained by further cognitive theories dealing with certain aspects of human cognition related to concrete social situations.
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