The paper analyzes the issues related to the problems of commercialization of research and the importance of trust between the partners between science and economy. Commercialization of research, in a broad sense, means all activities related to the transfer of knowledge to economic practice. This process cannot properly take place in conditions of limited confidence of the participating entities. Commercialization is an inherent and
Czech newspaper editors feel a strong inner professional conflict concerning following professional dilemma: to be a moral agent focused on serious problems of society or a craftsman who has generally given up on higher standards of journalistic work and tries to conform to popular standard of general audience. The presented paper is based upon the research project - 'Czech newspaper editors' which was undertaken between June-August 2007. The main objective of this study was to show how Czech newspaper editors changed their editorial strategy after the collapse of the former media system in the 1990s and to what extent they have adapted to the pressure of economic rationalization and the commercialization of the media sector. The second objective was to describe criteria that editors instinctively use to evaluate what readers want to consume.
The economic role of the spacecraft industry can be adequately judged only when it is regarded as a value added chain. A considerable segment of this chain is related with services, which value may exceed tenfold the value of space techniques. The current developments in the spacecraft industry were predetermined by the series of changes at the end of XX century, such as slowing down of the economic growth with budgetary pressures on relevant R&D, the increasing influence of globalization with the growing competitive pressure at relevant markets, liberalization leading to deregulation of spacecraft services and privatization, technological advancements etc. New political and economic conditions refocused resources of the spacecraft industry on commercial objectives. Commercial segments in the spacecraft industry, which have proved their commercial capacity and are expected to grow, are satellite communication, remote probing and geographic information systems. Other ideas concern spacecraft advertising, orbital platforms for electric energy transmission to the Earth and for use of microwave technology for energy transmission. High technology level and complexity of new products/services offered by the spacecraft industry evolve demand for specialized services (engineering, business consulting, technical supply, financial and legal services, insurance, printing & publishing) allowing new companies to have a segment at the spacecraft market. Also, the spacecraft industry can bring by-side benefits, such as technology transfer.
Lifelong learning is one of the long-term strategic objectives of the European Union. The concept has evolved from an academic theory into an essential part of the performance and development of companies, institutions, organizations and individuals with various levels of education, age and work experience. Innovative research and development projects and their transfer to the real economy play a special role in that concept. This paper presents Renewed European Agenda for Adult Learning for years 2012 -2014. It points out the areas and the role of innovative research in the development of the knowledge-based economy. The paper lays out ways to promote innovation and facilitate commercialization of scientific research and discusses the main barriers (i.e. lack of talents, insufficient protection of intellectual property rights, complex procedures, low research spending). It also presents the list of innovation and entrepreneurship hubs in Poland.
The aim of this paper is to confront two highly differentiated accounts of transformations of contemporary intimacy. The first account, represented mainly by Anthony Giddens and Brian McNair, concentrates on the processes of democratization and emancipation; simply speaking, this approach suggests that modern intimacy contains higher amount of freedom than the pre-modern one. The second account underlines significance of processes of commercialization and rationalization of intimacy; according to this approach intimacy becomes more and more dependent to the capitalistic market. This point of view is represented by social scientists such as Ulrich Beck, Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim, Eva Illouz and Arlie Russell Hochschild. The aim of the article is to analyze the abovementioned accounts not as opposite, but as complementary perspectives, which enable one to perceive the highly ambivalent character of modernization of intimacy and modernization in general.
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