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Performance estimates, comparative optimism, and reality: A study of students before and after examinations

100%
Klonowicz T.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2005
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vol. 36
|
issue 2
77-88
EN
A quasi-experimental study was carried out to examine the relationships between unrealistic optimism and reality. Unrealistic optimism was operationalized as (1) pre-examination performance estimates and (2) comparative optimism, i.e., assessment of the likelihood that a number of positive and negative events would occur to self relative to the average student. It has been hypothesized that unrealistic optimism would be only moderately related to performance and would decrease under the impact of reality. The three intrusions of reality were temporal proximity of an exam, the actual exam score, and the difference between pre-examination prediction and the actual examination score. The data indicated that: (1) the two measures of unrealistic optimism were only weakly related to the level of performance and (2) optimistic performance estimates were positively associated with both the actual examination score and comparative optimism. Moreover, the data showed that participants lowered their pre-examination performance estimates as the exam neared. This effect was particularly strong in those participants who earlier provided unrealistically optimistic performance estimates. The occurrence of postexamination unrealistic pessimism suggests that biased estimates of own performance may reflect different stages of the coping process.
2

GOOD THINGS DO NOT HAPPEN TO ME...BUT NEITHER DO THE BAD THINGS: COMPARATIVE OPTIMISM AND PESSIMISM IN A SLOVAK SAMPLE

88%
Čavojová V.
Studia Psychologica
|
2016
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vol. 58
|
issue 4
286 - 306
EN
This study examined whether participants will show optimism about common events, yet show pessimism about rare events (regardless of their desirability), and whether there is a relationship between optimism and overconfidence, conceptualized (Shepperd et al., 2013) as unrealistic absolute optimism. 136 pedagogy students completed a questionnaire with 28 events (positive and negative, rare and common) together with two cognitive tasks and an estimation of their performance. The results support neither the unrealistic hypothesis nor the egocentrism hypothesis fully – the participants appeared to be somewhat pessimistic in estimating the likelihood of mainly positive events happening to them; they were quite optimistic in expecting to avoid negative events. Only a small overlap between the unrealistic comparative optimism and unrealistic absolute optimism (overconfidence) was found. These results support the necessity to distinguish between distinct types of optimism bias and highlight methodological problems connected mainly with estimates of unrealistic comparative optimism.
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