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1
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Wybrane aspekty konfucjańskiego modelu kobiecości

100%
Zemanek A.
Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
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2010
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issue 2(14)
483-504
EN
This article presents and discusses the situation of women in imperial China, available to Polish readers interested in this subject. The few works related to Chinese women published so far in Poland often depict them as victims of Confucian patriarchalism, deprived of any possibility of shaping their own lives. Meanwhile, the situation of women in the Chinese empire was more complex than that, due to a host of factors such as: ethnic and social status, geographic location, and so on. This article focuses on the Confucian model of womanhood as an ideal construct that changed in the course of history and was often in conflict with actual social practice. The Confucian model is discussed in the context of various aspects in the life of upper -class Han Chinese women, in various historical periods.
2

China in world politics - Part I

100%
Kulcsar K.
Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)
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2005
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vol. 23
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issue 3
329-358
EN
The past and present of China, covering several millennia, naturally cannot be squeezed into a single paper, even if it consists of several parts to be published in a sequence. Part I ventures only to offer a brief survey of the complex history of China, covering millennia, up to the establishment of the unified republic. China could be hardly understood without the most important elements of the history of its ideas, the great past and present of its basic political philosophy shaping its statehood, to be summarised by the present writing, before Part II would describe the process of the integration of two of its major areas of a homogenous ethnic minority. Finally, Parts III, IV, and V would offer an analysis of the political, ideological, and economic processes determining China today, and would discuss how the huge country is joining the current processes of world politics. Parts I and II only offer a background to the analysis given in Parts III, IV, and V and aim at summarising the most important findings of an extensive literature presently regarded as standard.
3

Philosophy of 'The Great Wall' in the Socio-Cultural Context: American versus Chinese People with Regard to the Individual and the Community

100%
Niemczynska A.
Ad Americam
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2010
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vol. 11
53-61
EN
The paper concentrates on the socio-cultural aspect of American-Chinese relations, viewed from the perspective of the 'Great Wall' concept. The 'Great Wall' is a particular visualization of these relations as well as a reason for examining China and the United States in the category of competitive symbols of the East and the West. This idea is often expressed by antagonistic cultural values, most clearly observed in the American and Chinese approaches to the importance of the individual and the community. The author analyzes American society as the embodiment of individualism, which at the same time situates the independent individual in the context of his or her need to belong to some larger community, represented either by the family or some other social organizations. Chinese society has been presented through the angle of Confucianism - a system which developed the cult of the family and collectivism, but did not appreciate the individual. The author has also outlined the contemporary process of gradual elimination of the traditional order in favor of the growing individualism of the youngest generation of Chinese. The causes and effects of cultural differences between China and America have been presented, with the conclusion that in the days of globalization the thus far conflicting approaches are undergoing a the process of far-reaching transformation through mutual adaptation of new values. Thus, the idea of diametrically opposed vision of Chinese and American society is becoming less and less justified.
4
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THE DISCOURSE ON THE MEANING OF CONFUCIANISM IN THE 21ST CENTURY (Der Diskurs uber die Bedeutung des Konfuzianismus im 21. Jahrhundert)

100%
Tomala K.
Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia
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2010
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issue 23
45-84
EN
The article aims at presenting the meaning of Confucianism in the contemporary countries of East Asia. China has been developing very fast and it is not only a prognosis for the 21st century, but already a fact. The traditional Confucianism is being discovered once again in China nowadays, which seems to be important in the times of globalization. Since 1980s it has been described as the 'new Confucianism', and the Confucian tradition has been modernized. The article analyses the role of the Chinese culture in the process of globalization, presents the debate concerning Asian values, and describes the continuity of tradition in the modern China. It shows that the 'new' Confucianism can be an alternative to the western modernization for China.
5
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The "New" Confucianism vs. the Development of East Asia

100%
Sławiński R.
Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia
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2011
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issue 24
7-21
EN
Having drawn a history of the use of Confucianism in modern times in selected Asian countries (Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia No. 23), the author focuses on the question of evaluation of contemporary adaptations of Confucianism. The article quotes the opinions of the Chinese luminaries of philosophy from 1958 (New Confucian Manifesto), the earlier opinions of traditional thinkers (Chen Xujing (1933), Wang Xinming (1935), and of contemporary Taiwanese (Yi-yuan Li (1967), Chun-chieh Huang (2009)) concerning the usefulness of Confucianism in our contemporary time. This is followed by a critical discussion of the views of Zhu Rukai (2006) and Jiang Qing (2009), and the two Confucian concepts of the “harmonious society” (hexie shehui), “soft power”, and “moral government” (dezhi) enjoying top-down promotion. Further, in a fictionalised form, it presents a vision of living in a contemporary Confucian society. Finally, in the postscript, it reminds of the existence of another option, represented by the former participants of “the cultural revolution”.
6
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THE INFLUENCE OF CONFUCIANISM ON THE CHINESE CORPORATE LEADERSHIP

100%
Wawrzak K.
Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia
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2010
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issue 23
85-90
EN
In China there are different categories of enterprises, like state-owned companies, private and modern globalizing organizations. Regardless of the character of the company, their functioning and human resources management are strongly influenced by the Chinese culture. Confucianism is the inherent part and a great symbol of Chinese culture and it has had a strong impact on Chinese way of thinking, living, working and developing. Confucianism as a moral and ethical system, promotes human virtues like: Filial piety, Loyalty and Relationships. All Confucian virtues are important to understand how people and organizations function today. There is a great question about the modern vitality of Confucianism. The arrival of Western culture in the nineteenth century, however, essentially rejected the self-change or self-adjustment preferred by Confucians. Arguably, there is a need for a new moral foundation for political rule in China, as well as a new philosophy that can provide moral guidance in everyday life. The relationship between Confucianism and Western liberalism is one of the most important unsettled questions in modern China. The key issue connecting Confucianism with modern and future reality includes the position of the organization leader, which is characterized by huge distance between him and his employees. Workers are organized in more and more modern structures, however the high position, respect and aloofness existing between leader and workers is still very strong. That is why the structure and management of workers has become the key issue to the high-positioned leader or manager.
7

Kulturowe uwarunkowania przywództwa politycznego w Chinach kontynentalnych — przykład konfucjanizmu

88%
Smolik B.
Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne
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2011
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vol. 12
227-247
EN
This article describes a cultural specificity of China, influencing the Chinese perception of political relations and that type of political leadership. In case of China, what matters is a much greater human dependence on the natural environment and on other people than in the European countries. The traditional cult of the ancestors has had a huge impact on the attitude of the present generation towards the political leadership. In the past Confucianism made the relations between the emperor and the subjects resemble those in the family. This article details such basic Confucian virtues as: ren and li, it also explains the concept of the emperors as “the Sons of Heaven’’ and the “Mandate of Heaven’’ associated with it. Even today the Chinese society is fond of these concepts. The concept of Confucian harmony (he), understood as a reconciliation and unification of the opposites, still present in the political life of the continental China, was also described. From the point of view of the author, the present glorification of the higher level of education as a road to career constitutes a combination of the requirements of the modernity with the tradition of the Confucian meritocracy.
8
Content available remote

FUNCTION OF THE 'NEW' CONFUCIANISM IN THE COUNTRIES OF EAST ASIA

88%
Slawinski R.
Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia
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2010
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issue 23
25-44
EN
The article analyzes the role the 'new' Confucianism plays in East Asia. There have to be defined two different trends: the 'new' Confucianism present now and the one that is ten centuries old. That is why it would be best to use 'contemporary, new Confucianism' as the term denoting the current attempts at reanimation of Confucianism in the PRC. The article presents the origin of the 'contemporary, new Confucianism', the Japanese attempts at adapting Chinese Confucianism to reinforce the imperial power in Japan, and criticism of Confucianism undertaken by Chinese intellectuals in the first two decades of the 20th century under the influence of Western philosophy. Then, it concentrates on reconstruction of various realms of traditional Chinese culture (with special focus on Confucian ethics in Taiwan after 1950), and attempts at applying Confucianism in Southeast Asia in the 2nd half of the 20th century. Finally, it sums up Chinese philosopher's, Wang Deyou, thoughts on contemporary Confucianism as well as contemporary discussion about its cardinal questions.
9

WAS HUME AN ATHEIST? RECONSIDERATION

88%
Lee T. H.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2011
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vol. 66
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issue 3
240-257
EN
In The Riddle of Hume's Treatise, Paul Russell claims that scholars describing Hume simply as a sceptic or agnostic fail to recognize his irreligious objectives. Russell summarizes Hume's philosophy in three points. First, Hume endorses thin theism which is theoretically empty and of little practical use. Second, Hume's outlook is characterized by a permanent and strong antipathy towards religion. Third, the science of man, constructed by Hume in his Treatise, intends to establish a godless worldview. Hence, Hume's views on religion could be described as atheistic or irreligious. However, this author feels that Russell fails to capture the essence of Hume's philosophy of religion in that it may allow a place for religion. First, Hume's deism is neither empty nor of little use; therefore, Hume's endorsement of thin theism cannot be interpreted as de facto atheism. Second, Hume's antipathy for religion is directed towards specific religions, namely, Catholicism and Protestantism, and not religion in general. Therefore, describing Hume's attitude as 'irreligious' is clearly misleading. Third, Hume's science of man is based on the precept of a methodological naturalist with no interest in metaphysical beings. Therefore, it cannot be said that Hume sought to establish a godless worldview.
10

TANG YIJIE: CONTEMPORARY CHINESE NEW CONFUCIANIST

75%
Gálik M.
Asian and African Studies
|
2018
|
vol. 27
|
issue 2
111 – 124
EN
Professor Tang Yijie (1927 ̶ 2014) was one of the most prominent philosophers of the PRC after the “Cultural Revolution” (1966 ̶ 1976). He was the leading representative of New Confucianism, the main trend in Chinese philosophy of the 20th and (beginning of the) 21st centuries. This essay points out mainly the author’s personal reminiscences concerning him and his wife Yue Daiyun (1931 ̶ ) and their strain to overcome the huge impact of the ultra-leftist views of the period 1949 ̶ 1978, which made all scholarly development in the humanities impossible. It is mostly about our meetings, correspondence, discussions and the facts often unknown to other scholars, but also within the possibilities of a short review presenting his life and work.
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