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NOTES ON THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE 'PREFIX-CONJUGATIONS' IN THE MODERN SOUTH ARABIAN LANGUAGES

100%
Zaborski A.
Lingua Posnaniensis
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2007
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vol. 49
195-206
EN
In Proto-Modern South Arabian there must have been at least three groups of verbs: 1) verbs with Imperfect, Conjunctive and Preterite forms differing in prefix and stem ablaut as well as ending, 2) verbs with Imperfect and Conjunctive differing in prefix and stem ablaut plus endings (including -an of the Energicus) but Preterite differing probably only by zero ending which could be augmented by Energic -an), 3) verbs with the same ablaut in all the three categories which differed only in endings. The Imperfect with long vowel or a diftong after the first root consonant goes back to originally multiplicative/intensive/causative *qatala/qatila class, a variant of qattala. *Qatala/qatila forms are used in Mehri with plural object like in Akkadian, Classical Arabic and Beja. Alleged 'conative' meaning of the derived *qatala verbs does not exist in MSA at all. Like in Ethiopic there is a separate derived form *aqatala which is causative and multiplicative/intensive. It is better to use the name 'Conjunctive' than 'Subjunctive' in MSA since this form is used also as Jussive. It is not true that MSA Energicus (surviving mainly but not exclusively in conditional clauses) goes back simply to Conjunctive since at least in Jibbali many verbs have Energicus (named 'Conditional' by Johnstone) with a special ablaut which cannot be explained as original umlaut due to the affixation of -Vn. The use of Energic *-an with the original Imperfect, Preterite and Conjunctive is an important isogloss connecting MSA with Sabaic and Minean. MSA Conjunctive has different origin in four groups of verbs: Old Preterite/Jussive yV-qtVl, Old Imperfect yV-qtVl-u, Present yV-qVttVl-u/yV-qatVl-u and Old Subjunctive yV-qtVl-a.
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Kategorie honorativu v českých konjugačních paradigmatech

51%
Rosen A., Saloni Z.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2006
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vol. 67
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issue 1
36-45
EN
In Czech, as in many other languages, second person plural forms are used as a means of formal address. As in French, and unlike in Russian, a finite verb predicated of the pronoun 'vy' in this usage agrees with its subject in plural, as expected, while participles and predicative adjectives are singular. It is argued that this pattern of hybrid agreement, present both within analytical verb forms and syntactic constructions and different from regular plural and singular, justifies the introduction of the morphological category of honorific in Czech. As a result, an account of analytical verb forms cannot be complete without providing an explicit description of the forms of second person formal address. Existing Czech grammar reference books are not quite satisfactory in this respect; furthermore they implicitly presuppose the application of rules concerning grammatical gender. We offer a solution to the issue of the adequate presentation of analytical verbal morphology paradigms, including formal address, along the lines of a Polish verbal morphology handbook.
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