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1

AN EDUCATION VIA MEMORY (LADISLAV BALLEK: 'JUZNA POSTA' /SOUTHERN POST/ )

100%
Barborik V.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
|
2006
|
vol. 53
|
issue 1
11-23
EN
The study deals with a collection of short stories 'Juzná posta' (Southern Post, 1974), written by Slovak prose author Ladislav Ballek. Interpretation is based on an assumption of mutual and strong coherence between all the stories. All of them are interweaving into a consistent epic work. The message of each of them exceeds intention of autonomous story. A child protagonist Ján Jurkovic is an important unifying element of the book. He is attracted by unknown, strange world of grown-ups. In most of the stories he is more than an observer, he is a person involved. But everything he can perceive from seeing and listening becomes a part of his private 'novel of education'. Though narration he also adopts some aspects of author's narrative form, the perspective is partly personalised - adapted to the child hero. The narrator uses a double perspective keeping both naturalness of the child's view and it's correction through eyes of an adult. Reminiscent modality is typical for the short stories of 'Juzná posta'. A hidden story - the story of human memory- in the Ballek's book is developed concurrently with the plots subordinated to explicit conveyed themes. The narrative cycle uses different generic bases. It is a characteristic transformation of the 'novel of education' and there are also elements of adventurous reading and generic structure of a story with a secret. An important structural element of the work is its country-space plan and geographical orientation. The location of south, also stressed by the title, bears its own culture and it serves also as a specific literary symptom. The character of countryside differs from the traditional vertical concept of literary topography of Slovakia, developed and petrified from the period of Romanticism, for which rigorous, monumental, ascetically cold picture of north was typical. Ballek depicts south as a place of culture, a Slovak-Hungarian boarder, formed by a man. Typical for his literary picture is a horizontal line containing sharp sensual impulses provoking mostly eyes and ears. The centre of his space in the entire book is a frontier town Palánk. The south boarder is a relatively open place where different cultural and linguistic influences merge into one another. In the context of the L. Ballek's works, 'Juzná posta' is the first book from an extensive prose cycle located to Palánk. This cycle belongs to the most important epic projects in the Slovak literature of the 70th and 80th.
2

THE AUTHORITARIANISM OF THE POLISH COUNTRYSIDE

100%
Szafraniec K.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
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2005
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vol. 49
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issue 2
69-91
EN
The popular myth about the alleged authoritarianism in the Polish countryside, promulgated by patterns of socialization in peasant families, finds little empirical support. Most of the studies do not take into account the diversity of the countryside nor its changes over time. Using the empirical data from 1988, 1989, and 2002, the authoress looks at the community, status, generational and regional diversity in authoritarianism. The analysis looked at the style of family upbringing and authoritarianism measured by a modified California scale F. She concludes that: (1) authoritarianism in the countryside is indeed stronger than in the city; (2) such generalization does not apply to the younger generation. Particularly, the peasant youth are not the most inclined to authoritarianism; (3) such tendencies cannot be explained in terms of family upbringing nor 'peasant status' as such, but by a specific and complex mix of factors. Leading among them are the combination of 'peasant status' and the strategic educational choices that often determine man's further biography - making autrhoritarianism more or less attractive.
3

THE “COMRADES”, PROPAGANDA AND THE COLLECTIVIZATION OF AGRICULTURE IN EASTERN EUROPE

100%
Radu S., Cosmin B., Flavius S.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2015
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vol. 63
|
issue 1
113 – 135
EN
The Soviet experience between 1920 and 1930 helped the leaders of the Eastern European communist states in the late 1940s and early 1950s to adopt complex strategies in order to attract the widest possible segment of the population possible to the new regime’s side, or to at least ensure a neutral attitude from the part of the most important social categories, such as the peasants. The active presence in the rural world of political organizations which were formally autonomous but closely linked to the communist parties customized the collectivization of Eastern European states to the Soviet Union, where the massive collectivization was done under the supervision of the Communist Party exclusively. Another feature, illustrated on the basis of this case study is that, considering the Soviet experience, the Communist parties from Eastern Europe used propaganda in the process of collectivization of agriculture. The Ploughmen’s Front represented the strongest and oldest front organization comrade of the Romanian Communist Party. The main task of this organization was to implement the Communist ideology in the country-side, facilitating the process of communization of the Romanian villages, where the Communists were extremely unpopular. The article focuses on the manner in which the Ploughmen’s Front was involved in the collectivization of agriculture in Romania.
4

DISCUSSION ON MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS AT THE COUNTRYSIDE AND A MEDICAL ENLIGHTENMENT AROUND THE YEAR 1800 (O dyskusji wokol instytucji medycznych na obszarach wiejskich oraz o roli 'medycznego oswiecenia' okolo 1800 roku)

100%
Sahmland I.
Klio. Czasopismo poświęcone dziejom Polski i powszechnym
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2010
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issue 2(15)
19-57
EN
During the age of enlightenment it seemed in many respects necessary to keep the population healthy. This meant to focus on the public health service in the sparsely populated countryside. Here, the medical market was divided into two spheres: the academical doctors mainly settling in towns far from the peasantry and also in social differences to them, whereas other healers, surgeries, midwives and all the informal, not authorized persons in all respects were by far more familiar to the villagers. Trying to better things the physicians intended to propose structural improvements (Medizinalwesen) as well as to enlighten the countryman how to stay healthy, but when fallen ill, to call for a doctor. It was the combination of these two operating fields to aim at a better public health standard and in consequence to strengthen the position of the academic medicine within the medical market. Only this way a win-win-situation was possible to achieve: primarily for the people, but then for the doctors as well.
5

KONTINUITY V OBDOBÍ „REVOLUČNÍCH PROMĚN“ A „SOUMRAKU SELSKÉHO STAVU“ (PŘÍSPĚVEK KE STUDIU ŽIVOTA NA VENKOVĚ V SOCIALISTICKÉM ČESKOSLOVENSKU)

75%
Polouček O.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue 1
29 - 46
EN
The narratives from the socialist period remarkably resemble the discussions after 1989 when it comes to the statement that the second half of the 20th century brought discontinuities that changed the countryside, even though their evaluations are different: the “desired” progress promoted by the normalisation language had not admitted the listing of the negative impacts on the countryside and the environment which logically became the centre of discussion after 1989. There is, however, a consensus in that the collectivisation of agriculture and the modernisation of the countryside had a significant impact on the functioning of rural communities, the way of life and municipal hierarchies. The author of the study suggests, though, that it is impossible to fully grasp the impacts of the transformation of the countryside on the present if we only observe the discontinuities. His assumptions are based on his own interest in the memories about the social life in the late socialism period, while focusing on the observation of the continuities that can be based on a reflection of normative ideas and values. Thanks to an analysis of orally historical interviews and the evaluation of contemporary ethnographic research, the members of rural communities were shown to have successfully developed initiatives to ensure continuity in social life despite its changing form and inter-generational discussions. This can be explained with the observation of symbols with which people identify themselves – thanks to their embeddedness in the values system and high adaptability to external interventions. It is impossible to fully understand the strategies of adaptabilities, so characteristic of this period, without observing the impact of the continuities (e.g. the need to use hyper-normalised language to advocate one’s own interests).
6

Pojęcie zdrowia, choroby i cielesności w wiejskim postrzeganiu świata po 1945 roku, czyli o zmianach mentalności na wsi polskiej

75%
Szpak E.
Rocznik Antropologii Historii
|
2012
|
issue 1(2)
231-250
EN
Political, economic and cultural changes occurring in the Poland after the War War II influenced the profound social shift observed in the sphere of everyday life of different social groups.
7

TOPOLÓGIE HOLOKAUSTU NA VÝCHODOSLOVENSKOM VIDIEKU

75%
Kubátová H.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2021
|
vol. 69
|
issue 4
601 – 625
EN
Placing my investigation into the historically multi-ethnic and multi-religious small towns and villages of the former Šariš-Zemplín County in eastern Slovakia during the Second World War, I examine ideas and policies associated with civilizing the countryside, as voiced and introduced by Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party. Building on what is now a growing scholarship on the topographies and topologies of the Holocaust, I reconstruct here how plans and programs to raise living standards in the east of the country, including a policy entitled “caring for the Slovak village,” hastened the further exclusion of local Jews from what had been a joint social space and physical place. I manifest how the “beautifying” of Slovak villages included “cleansing” these from the Jews, and how the process, while orchestrated from above, had its own local dynamics. More generally, my work makes a case for an integrated social history of the Holocaust in eastern Slovakia, one that shows how the social and economic “uplifting” was intertwined with the robbing and murdering of local Jews.
8

OPEN-AIR MUSEUMS – THE FUTURE OF THE PRESENTATION OF SPIRITUAL AND ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

75%
Rychnová L., Maturkanič P., Slobodová Nováková K., Pavlíková M.
Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo
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2022
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vol. 10
|
issue 1
5 - 18
EN
The origins of “open-air museums” date back to the nineteenth century and from the very beginning were closely linked to efforts to capture, preserve and present folk culture. However, during the course of the twentieth century, especially in its later part, the concept of open-air museums began to expand. Open-air museums were founded that focused on urban, industrial and military environments, ecological issues, or on charting the life of prehistoric and ancient cultures. Along with this, the methodological concept for this specific type of institution saw some development, and the interdisciplinary approaches expanded in response, covering a wide range of humanities as well as natural sciences. Besides the academic approach, a social and community overlap is also required from these institutions. This article poses the question of how the concept of open-air museums can continue to develop and what direction the role of presenting cultural heritage in an open landscape could take in the future. The arguments herein are based on the philosophical and spiritual dimension of man’s dwelling in the world and his relationship to the landscape in which he lives. We believe that the future of open-air museums should, wherever possible, focus on the preservation of monuments in their historical context and especially in their natural links in terms of landscape, urbanism and architecture. To ensure this concept remains sustainable, it is necessary that these monuments be involved in the life of villages and communities, ideally also on the basis of cooperation between academia and local entities, which are usually villages or municipalities and citizens’ initiatives. Examples of such a direction can be seen in the founding and running of Rochus Park in the Uherské Hradiště region and in the concept of the association of villages called Mariánská zahrada in the Jičín region, both in the Czech Republic.
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