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1

KING'S PETER I OF CYPRUS JOURNEYS IN EUROPE IN 1362-1365 AND HIS CRUSADING PLANS

100%
Burkiewicz L.
Studia Historyczne
|
2007
|
vol. 50
|
issue 1(197)
3-29
EN
Peter I of Cyprus made a series of travels across Europe in 1362-1365 to gain support for a new crusade. This article is the first comprehensive review in the field of Polish historiography of Peter I's crusading plants and their reception at the courts he visited. The implementation of his plans depended first and foremost on enlisting the support of the Pope and the rulers of the major European countries. Peter I began his tour in Northern Italy and moved on to France, the Netherlands, England and Germany. He saw the Pope at Avignon and Emperor Charles IV in Prague. While his appeals were ringing out in Scandinavia, he hurried to Kraków to a grand meeting of monarchs and princes from Central Europe in 1364. Wherever he went, he was received with great pomp. Lavish entertainment with feasts and tournaments was organized in his honour. In spite of the warm support Peter I was able to garner from his hosts few knights actually heeded his call to arms. Nor did any of the rulers made good their promises of marching to battle.When an expeditionary force eventually set sail Peter I directed it towards Alexandria in Egypt.The city was captured and sacked, but the crusaders were in no position to consolidate their gains. Dubbed the last crusader, Peter I of Cyprus became justly famous for his bravery, religious zeal and unswerving commitment to the crusading idea.
2

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE INTERNAL POLITICS OF THE KINGDOM OF CYPRUS ON THE EVE OF THE ORDER'S DISSOLUTION (Templariusze i ich wplyw na polityke wewnetrzna Królestwa Cypru w przededniu kasaty zakonu)

80%
Burkiewicz L.
Studia Historyczne
|
2009
|
vol. 52
|
issue 1(205)
3-18
EN
Thanks to countless donations from almost all European countries and profits from their multiple activities (transporting pilgrims to the Holy Land, managing trade and banking transactions between the West and the Levant) the Templars enjoyed a reputation for fabulous wealth. As the authority of the rulers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem declined in the 13th century, the Order, which held a chain of military castles in Syria and Palestine, became not only an independent force but also sought to negotiate separate agreements with the Moslems. When Acre, the last Crusader stronghold fell to the Mameluk army on 28 May 1291, the Order moved their headquarters to Limassol on the island of Cyprus. The Templars' ambitious policies soon put a great strain on their relations with the King of Cyprus, Henry II de Lusignan. The conflict reached its climax in 1306 with the removal of Henry II from power by his brother Amalric, who had the support of the Templars. Meanwhile, however, ominous signals had been coming from Europe. It was not only that the apparently irreversible fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem made the continued existence of the Knights Templars problematic. They were suddenly confronted with a raft of scandalous accusations ranging from fraud to practicing black magic, heresy and sodomy, while at the same time the Pope pushed for their merger with the other main military order, the Hospitallers. On 13 October 1307 Philip IV of France, who had assisted in the criminal investigations, issued orders to arrest the Grand Master Jacques de Molay and all Templars who found themselves in France. Pope Clement V followed suit with an urgent call to all European monarchs to detain and imprison every Templar they could lay their hands on. The arrests were followed by trials in virtually the whole of Western Christendom. As an institution whose cross-border networks and enormous profits made it a major European power, the Order of Knights Templars could not help throwing its weight around wherever it was offered a foothold. This is what happened in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and later, after its fall, in Cyprus. There, when the Templars could not get on with the reigning monarch, they helped to depose him by a rival who had their confidence.
3

ZABUDNUTÝ EPILÓG I. KRIŽIACKEJ VÝPRAVY? ŤAŽENIE BOHEMUNDA Z ANTIOCHIE PROTI BYZANTSKÉMU CISÁROVI ALEXIOVI I. KOMNÉNOVI V ROKOCH 1107/1108 - I. ČASŤ. HISTORICKÉ POZADIE A PRÍČINY

80%
Hurbanič M., Hrnčiarová D.
Vojenská história
|
2021
|
vol. 25
|
issue 3
7 - 28
EN
The expedition of the First Crusade veteran and Prince of Antioch Bohemond, against the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I. Komnenos (1081 – 1108) in 1107/1108 is considered to be a peculiar epilogue of the early crusade movement initiated by the Pope Urban II. at the council in Clermont, France, in 1095. At the same time, it represents another stage of the Byzantine-Norman wars, first taking place in southern Italy and after 1081 in the regions of Byzantine Epirus, Macedonia and Thessaly. In the first part of this study, authors focus on the historical background of the campaign of 1107/1108 and try to analyse its causes.
4
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Antistaufische Propaganda in einer Prager Handschrift. Der Brief Grande piaculum des Kardinals Rainer von Viterbo (1248)

70%
Thumser M.
Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica
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2009
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vol. 12
|
issue 2
7-41
EN
The writing Grande piaculum by cardinal Rainer of Viterbo from 1248 is an important element in the propaganda war of the Roman Curia against Emperor Frederick II. It reports in legendary manner the martyrdom of Bishop Marcellinus of Arezzo. The Hohenstaufen is thereby conventionalised as agent of the devil and precursor of Antichrist, against whom a crusade should be waged in Italy. This letter is known in three textual attestors, among them one in the Prague manuskript III.G.3, which is subject to a codicological analysis. An appendix is the first critical edition of Grande piaculum.
5

NÁBOŽENSKÉ RITUÁLY VOJNY A VYTVÁRANIE KRESŤANSKEJ IDENTITY V STREDOVEKEJ STREDNEJ EURÓPE 12. STOROČIA

61%
Zupka D.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue 4
577 - 591
EN
Religious warfare was one of the various forms of ruler ship during the essential transformation of the High Middle Ages. The realms of East Central Europe witnessed augmented use of rituals of war, holy war rhetoric and crusading ideology in the course of their political, cultural and military integration into the sphere of the Latin Christendom. This article aims to provide several examples from the 12th century to illustrate the close connection between the exercise of power, ruling strategies and religious warfare in the Přemysl, Árpad and Piast realms. These processes served to sacralise, legitimize and integrate the ruling dynasties and their rulers and to create a common Christian identity.
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