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Nelegální výzkum veřejného mínění v období normalizace

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Siklova J.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2004
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vol. 40
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issue 5
673-679
EN
During the normalisation period in Czechoslovakia in the years 1969-1989, empirical sociology was reduced to monitoring information relevant for Marxist-Leninist ideology. With the exception of politically neutral fields, the data gathered were distorted. Central decision-making authorities, however, needed some information on the opinions of the population. To this end, certain questions were inserted into politically neutral surveys. Data acquired in this manner, however, were only available as a source to the propaganda section of the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak Communist Party. This article, which draws on a text that the authoress originally wrote under a pseudonym for the exile journal 'Testimony' describes these practices. At the initiative of figures in Czech exile, in 1986 a public opinion research study was secretly carried out using a questionnaire with 85 questions on a sample of 342 people, focusing on a comparison of attitudes towards the USSR, the USA, and NATO, and towards prominent politicians in the late 1980s. The results revealed a surprisingly high degree of awareness about alternative, unofficial, and thus banned culture and publications, and about certain suppressed individuals. The empirical data was sent secretly to Paris and there processed by the sociologist Zdenek Strmiska.
2
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Apokalyptismus v myšlení českého katolického exilu. Schwarzenberg - Chudoba - Preisner - Neuwirth

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Putna M. C.
Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)
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2007
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vol. 14
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issue 2-3
379-398
EN
The topic of this article is 'apocalypticism', that is, a catastrophic vision of modern civilization with no prospect of a turnaround in one's inner world, as it appears in the works of four Czech Roman Catholic thinkers, who were emigres after the Communist takeover of 1948. While in his native land, the historian and columnist Karel Schwarzenberg (1911-1986) wrote in a starkly apocalyptic, anti-civilization spirit, in the tradition of Leon Bloy and Josef Florian. In exile, however, his apocalypticism became milder, and was projected more into his experience of the liturgy (the fleetingness of time). The apocalypticism of the historian, Christian sociologist, publicist, writer, and politician Bohdan Chudoba (1909-1982), and the Germanist, political philosopher, and translator Rio Preisner (1925-2007) was, by contrast, intensified while emigres. Independently of each other, they created great bodies of work (Preisner was published, but Chudoba's writing has remained largely in manuscript), in which they tried to present a total vision of history, which was, from their perspective, necessarily doomed. Similarly, they perceive the attempt to modernize the Church after the Second Vatican Council as part of this catastrophic process, because the Church, in their opinion, was conforming to negative tendencies in the world. The Germanist and theologian Vladimir Neuwirth (1921-1998) wrote 'Apokalypticky denik' (Apocalyptic Diary), which is not 'apocalyptic' in the usual sense of the word. Rather, it is 'consoling' - the apocalypse is an ever-present dimension of human existence and the world, and one must be able to live with it and accept it. It follows from the comparisons in this article that the apocalypticism of Schwarzenberg and Neuwirth, both of whom worked with Czech emigre clergymen and their associates who mostly agreed with the changes after the Second Vatican Council, tended to diminish, whereas Chudoba and Preisner, who parted on bad terms with those clergymen and their associates, became entrenched in their position as 'lone critics on the margin of a (rotten) Church'. It seems that work with Church institutions to some extent protected emigre writers from extreme apocalyptic tendencies. (The emigre novelist Jan Cep is a similar example.) According to the author, however, there is a fundamental difference between the two lone, 'real' apocalyptics: whereas Chudoba ended up in Spain in true isolation, without having any hope towards the end of his life that his ideas would find a wider audience, Preisner, in America, lived to see the day when a vision of the world very close to his own would move from the margins back to the forefront of public discourse in the opinions of the American Neo-Conservatives of the early twenty-first century.
3

THE RADIO SPEECHES OF CZECH EXILE POLITICIANS IN THE PERIOD OF 1939−1945 IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THEMATIZATION OF PROPER NAMES

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Davidová Glogarová J., David J.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2020
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vol. 68
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issue 5
841 – 859
EN
The paper focuses on proper names (personal and place names, chrematonyms), and their thematization in Czech ideological speeches. The paper examines texts written by Czech exile politicians and presented in the London and Moscow radio broadcasts between 1939 and 1945, in the course of the Second World War. The texts reflect a wide scale of Czech politicians ranging from the Democrats (National Socialists Edvard Beneš, Prokop Drtina, Jaroslav Stránský; Christian Democrat Jan Šrámek) to the Communists (Klement Gottwald, Zdeněk Nejedlý) and their sympathizers (Social Democrat Zdeněk Fierlinger); speeches written by non-partisan Jan Masaryk are also included. Thematization is presented as an important language device to express, or support, the text tendency. The process of thematization is realized in two structures. In the deep text structure, it is realized as a semantic change (proper name re-semantization), in the surface (visible) structure, it is expressed by collocations, onomastic allusions, metaphors, or metonymies.
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