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1

ČESKOSLOVENSKÉ LÉGIE VO SVETLE RAKÚSKOUHORSKÝCH DOKUMENTOV

100%
Zaťková J.
Vojenská história
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2021
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vol. 25
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issue 3
149 - 160
EN
At the end of World War 1, the question of the significance of the Czechoslovak Legions as the new fighting power started appearing in the Austro-Hungarian documents. The top command of the Austro-Hungarian Army recognised that the activity of the legions consisting of Czech and Slovak volunteers, who were still the citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, casts an unfavourable light on the Monarchy as a whole, pointing out to its tense internal political arrangement. Therefore, the Austro-Hungarian Army made an effort to enforce the propaganda among the public that these units consisting of Austro-Hungarian citizens only form a small and insignificant part of the fighting troops. In particular, the memo they wanted to spread about the Czechoslovak units located in Russia was that they were only fighting against the Bolsheviks as a part of the very diverse anti-Bolshevik coalition. However, the high command of the Austro-Hungarian Army realised that their actual effort upon concluding the Peace of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918 was to move from Russia to the Western front, where they could engage in the fights again, in the last stage of the World War 1. Relevant documents on this topic can be found in the Military Archive in Vienna, in the Armeeoberkommando collection. We provide their transcription followed by a translation to Slovak language and references.
2
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Českoslovenští legionáři na Rusi a jejich pohled na ženy v letech 1914–1920

100%
Vacha D.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
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2009
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vol. 17
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issue 1
35-66
EN
The Czechoslovak legionnaires in Russia often met local women. They paid attention not only to their faces, but also to their character. The social status of women was also important. Most of the contacts were of short duration. In some cases, however, long-term relationships and even weddings also occurred. The most frequent forms were single contacts with prostitutes. This brought about the danger of contagious illnesses, particularly in Siberia and the Far East ravaged by the civil war. Nevertheless, some 'serious' relationships survived and many legionnaires brought their wives or girlfriends back to their home
3

VOJNA A POLITIKA: POLITICKÉ SÚVISLOSTI BITKY PRI ZBOROVE (2. JÚLA 1917)

100%
Vrábel F.
Studia Politica Slovaca: časopis pre politické vedy, najnovšie politické dejiny a medzinárodné vzťahy
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2017
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vol. 10
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issue 2
48 – 66
EN
The Battle of Zborov of the 2nd July 1917 was the first joint operation of the Czechoslovak Volunteer Army in Russia - the Czechoslovak Shooting Brigade, which formed the basis of the Russian Legion. Although compared to other major combats on the western, eastern and southern fronts, this battle does not rank among the most influential battles in the military history of the First World War, it was of crucial importance in terms of forming the Czechoslovak Legions, or in terms of political assertion of the authority of the Czechoslovak resistance led by T.G. Masaryk, M. R. Štefánik and E. Beneš. This facilitated the formation of the Czechoslovak volunteer troops in Russia. Gradually, the Czechoslovak Army Corps, as well as the first regiments of the French Legion, and ultimately the Italian Legion in the west, came into being. From a political point of view, the Battle of Zborov proved to the allies that the Czechs and the Slovaks were able to fight for their freedom and for the creation of a common state with arms in their hands, and were even willing to sacrifice their lives in the struggle against the Central Powers. In the years of the first Czechoslovak Republic (1918 - 1938), the battle of Zborov became the basis of the fighting traditions of the Czechoslovak Army. However, following the German occupation of the Czech lands, and especially later, after the February of 1948, due to the victory of the Communist regime, these traditions were politically suppressed, their importance being largely pushed into the background through emphasizing the struggle at the Battle of Dukla Pass in autumn 1944. The grave of an unknown soldier from Zborov at the Old Town Hall in Prague was destroyed by the Germans and, following the liberation of the country, was replaced by the tomb of an unknown soldier from the Battle of Dukla Pass. It was only after 1989 that the Zborov Battle and its heroes were once again restored to their former glory and were returned their status in the history of the Slovaks and the Czechs in the struggle for freedom and for their own statehood.
4
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Legie a legionáři v české a slovenské tradici a historiografii

100%
Rychlik J.
Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)
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2011
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vol. 21
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issue 3
170-180
EN
The history of the fight of Czechoslovak legionnaires in World War I for independent Czechoslovakia became a part of the new state 'foundation story'. A legionnaire became a symbol of conscious Czechoslovak citizen who never hesitates to die in the struggle for Czechoslovak independence. For German and Hungarian minorities, however, the new legionnaire tradition was unacceptable. In inter-war Czechoslovakia there were severe discussions about the role of legions in the Russian Civil War. The legions took part in the Civil War on the side of the 'white forces'. Especially problematic was their indirect support of the white dictatorship of Admiral Alexander Kolcak in Siberia. The political left criticized legionnaires for their support of Kolcak while the political right - on the other hand -criticized them for the fact that they concluded an armistice with Bolsheviks at the end of civil war. During the occupation by Nazi Germany (1939-1945) and during the period of Communist regime (1948-1989) the legionnaire tradition was considered politically dangerous for the existing system and suppressed. After 1989 some attempts to restore the tradition occurred. The question is, however, whether the tradition can survive when the Czechoslovak state no more exists.
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Na Dálném východě. Sonda do každodennosti československých legií v Rusku

100%
Vacha D.
Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)
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2011
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vol. 21
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issue 3
181-191
EN
The essay focuses on Czechoslovak volunteer corps in Russia in the days after the end of World War I. The main aim of the text is to demonstrate the soldiers' perception of the Russian Far East regions. The introductory part discusses the existing sources and topics connected with the topic of everyday life in the war. The main part of the text outlines several factors connected with the soldiers' stay in the Russian Far East regions: the architecture, languages, and everyday life of local townsfolk or peasants (clothes, boarding, hygiene, festivities etc.) or the soldiers´ relationship with local women (including Japanese prostitutes in Vladivostok). It was businesspersons, rickshaws, acrobats and prostitutes, whom the Czechoslovak legionnaires used to meet, so those occupations are understood in the diaries and memories as to be typical for the corresponding region. Czechoslovaks also met a lot of Japanese soldiers whose regiments garrisoned in the Vladivostok and the Baikal regions. Some of the records show a great soldiers' interest in foreign destinations, cultures, and customs. However, it is not to be omitted that there was a war raging all around the Czechoslovak distinctive soldiers-tourists for the entire time of their exploring the Far East.
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Čechoslováci v Dobrudži. Sonda do každodenního života a vnímání vojáků na polozapomenuté frontě první světové války

100%
Vacha D.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
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2010
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vol. 96
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issue 1-2
217-240
EN
The author clarifies a less known episode of the Czechoslovak military resistance during World War I, i.e. the Czechoslovaks' fighting within Serbian military units on the Dobrudja front. The essay does not concentrate on political or strictly military affairs; it focuses on the military everydayness and illustrates experiences of Czechoslovak volunteers as they were captured it in diaries, biographies and autobiographic books. The author concludes the essay with the fact that, after crossing from the Serbian to the Russian army, many veterans of the Dobrudja campaign occupied important positions in the Czechoslovak division and later in the army corps.
7

ČEĽABINSK – MÁJ/JÚN 1918 (NA ZÁKLADE NOVO SPRÍSTUPNENÝCH DOKUMENTOV Z RUSKÝCH ARCHÍVOV)

88%
Vrábel F.
Vojenská história
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2020
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vol. 24
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issue 2
56 - 69
EN
In the introduction of the published material, the author states that several significant events are connected with the Czechoslovak voluntary – or as they called themselves – revolutionary army, which only got the legion title later on. This concerned the substantial success of the Czechoslovak Brigade in the battles at Zborov on the 2nd July 1917 and later the battles at Bachmac in March 1918, disarmament in Penza etc. The paper points out that further fate of the Czechoslovak Army in Russia was influenced most significantly by the events taking place in May and June 1918 at the railway station in Chelyabinsk, as well as in the vicinity of this important Ural railway junction. And still, one hundred years after the events, different rumours circulate and unsupported articles and studies are published, even recently in Slovakia. Therefore, it is very important also for the Slovak readers to learn about the latest studies of Russian historians about the facts significantly influencing the fate of Czechoslovak legionnaires in Russia, finally putting straight the false interpretations of the Marxist historiography: supposedly, this was a revolt and start (!) of the civil war in Russia, with the legionnaires intervening in the services of Western imperialists, being ordered to revolt by the Entente, etc. Unfortunately, similar opinions are still being spread and published – even if only based on older literature, without any archival research, without participation at professional conferences (the last one taking place in November 2019 in Prague, also presenting a revelatory contribution on the events in Chelyabinsk based on the materials newly made available from Russian archives.
8
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Príbeh československých légií

75%
Vrabel F.
Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)
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2011
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vol. 21
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issue 3
159-169
EN
The essay provides a brief summarizing overview on the development and history of the Czechoslovak volunteer armed forces in the years of World War I., an introduction to the issue of the development and functioning of armad units that - fighting together with the Entente powers (Russia, France, Great Britain, and Italy) - contributed to the creation of the independent Czechoslovak Republic in 1918. The author depicts the development of an idea to create resistant movement of Czechs and Slovaks, which led to the establishment of political centre of the Czech (later Czechoslovak) National Council with the seat in Paris and under the leadership of Tomas Garrigue Masaryk, Edvard Benes, and Milan Rastislav Stefanik. He also devotes himself to the period beginning with creation of the first units fighting with the Entente powers until the time when the Czechoslovak Brigade fighting in the battle of Zborov (2 July 1917), the individual divisions in Russia, France, Italy and even the Czechoslovak Corps in revolutionary Russia were set up. The essay commemorates also the anabasis of Russian legions on their way from Ukraine through Siberia to Vladivostok and their return back home in 1920. The conclusion of the essay informs about the next fates of legionnaires at home, about the legionnaire organizations, the significance of legionnaire traditions for new Czechoslovak army, the participation of legionnaires in the second resistant movement (1938-1945), the communist persecution of legionnaires and the renewal and work of the Czechoslovak Legionnaires Community after 1989. It puts stress on the need to recall the history of legions in order to bring up young people to patriotism and to strengthen the national identity.
9

SPRÁVA VLADIMÍRA DAXNERA O ČESKOSLOVENSKOM TÁBORE PRE SLOVÁKOV V IRKUTSKU

75%
Zaťková J.
Vojenská história
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2022
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vol. 26
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issue 3
107 - 118
EN
In the published document, the author conveys to the readers the activities of the Czechoslovak camp for Slovaks in Irkutsk, which existed from September 1918 to May 1919 and fulfilled an educational and recruitment function among the Slovak prisoners of war in Russia. His aim was to get them to join the Czechoslovak legions, which would increase the number of Slovaks among the legionaries. During its existence, well-known Slovak legionaries such as F. Čatloš, B. Manica, P. Kuna, J. Tvarožek, J. Croat, M. Lajda, J. Kustra, J. Teplický and others served there. An authentic report on the camp was written by one of its commanders – V. Daxner. It dealt in detail with everyday camp life, its problems as well as the mood prevailing among the Slovaks who passed through it.
10

BOJOVÁ ČINNOSŤ ČESKOSLOVENSKÝCH LÉGIÍ NA TALIANSKOM FRONTE

75%
Zaťková J.
Vojenská história
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2020
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vol. 24
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issue 3
109 - 114
EN
The Czechoslovak legions in Italy, originating based on the agreement between CSNR and Italian government signed in April 1918, had participated in the battles on the Italian front shortly thereafter. In June 1918, they were fighting on the Piave River and in the fall excelled for example in the battles at Doss Alto (spot height 703). Several interesting documents mapping the combat activity of the legions on the Italian front can be found also in Rome, in the Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Eserecito (Archive of the Historical Office of the Army General Staff).
11

ÚČASŤ IVANA MARKOVIČA NA ČESKOSLOVENSKOM ZAHRANIČNOM ODBOJI V RUSKU 1914 – 1918

75%
Borbélyová D.
Vojenská história
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2018
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vol. 22
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issue 1
7 - 21
EN
The study deals with the personality of Ivan Markovič and his activity during the World War 1, as an active participant of the Czechoslovak resistance in Russia. The article maps Markovič's journey from the prison camp to the resistance organisational structures. At the same time, it studies the main issues influencing the participation of Slovaks in the resistance. Firstly, there was an opinion split among the Slovak representatives on the future political orientation of the Slovak statehood. Secondly, there were organisational issues during the recruitment of Slovaks into the Czechoslovak legions and last but not least, the complexity of relationships of the Slovak resistance representatives to their Czech colleagues. The study strives to determine, what role Markovič took in the means of solving these issues, until his departure for Paris in 1918.
12

VOJNA A POLITIKA. PRÍPADOVÁ ŠTÚDIA NA PRÍKLADE ČS. LEGIONÁROV V RUSKU. NOVÉ RUSKÉ POHĽADY A HODNOTENIA

75%
Vrábel F.
Studia Politica Slovaca: časopis pre politické vedy, najnovšie politické dejiny a medzinárodné vzťahy
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2014
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vol. 7
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issue 1
66 – 76
EN
The author explores the relationship between politics and war through an analysis of the Czechoslovak Legions and the Civil War in Russia. Developments between the years 1917 and 1920, as well as subsequent events in Russia in the following decades up until today, serve as a classic example of the relationship between war and politics. In the years 1917 – 1922, the Russian nation, together with its neighbours, went through a very difficult period of the Civil War. The events in Russia in 1917 – 1920 partially affected the Czechoslovak Army Corps, which were stalled there after the Bolsheviks had concluded peace with the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk. Earlier Marxist historiography in the former Soviet Union and in Czechoslovakia viewed these events from a class and partisan perspective, and, under the pressure from communist ideology and censorship, echoed the positions of the Bolshevik leaders, particularly of Vladimir Lenin. After 1990, an opportunity for new approaches and a more objective view on this stage of Russian and Slovak history opened up in Russia as well.
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