Search results - CEJSH

1

Aktivizace jugoslávských informbyrovců v Československu v důsledku krize roku 1968

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Vojtechovsky O.

Slovanské historické studie (Slavonic Historical Studies)

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2007

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vol. 32

149-165

EN

The Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia in August 1968 brought out again the hopes of Yugoslav pro-Soviet emigrants in countries of the eastern bloc concerning the opening of the Yugoslav issue. Main proponents of the Prague Informbyro group were very critical to the development during the Prague Spring; hence they mostly welcomed the entering of the armies of the Warsaw Pact. The sudden worsening of Soviet-Yugoslav relations, the weakened international position of Yugoslavia and the internal crisis in that country did not rule out a similar solution as in Czechoslovakia. As a result, the core of activists of the Prague group together with the proponents of Informbyro in other countries of the socialist bloc directed their activities at the beginning of the 1970s towards the restoration of their political activities. The study attempts to map these activities and the opinions held by leading Yugoslav emigrants with the use of sources mainly from the archives of intelligence services.

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ACADEMIC INTERPRETATIONS OF ISLAM IN COMMUNIST CZECHOSLOVAKIA: RUDOLF MACÚCH, KAREL PETRÁCEK AND IVAN HRBEK

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Piricky G.

Rocznik Orientalistyczny

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2008

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vol. 61

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issue 2

93-102

EN

The research of religions in former Eastern Bloc countries is often presented in terms of a loss of contact with the Western academic tradition and ideological bias. This paper attempts to show however that the study of Islam in individual countries was not homogenous. Islamic Studies in communist Czechoslovakia (1948-1989), although to a significant degreee limited by the ruling atheist ideology as reflected in Marxist- Leninist dogmatism, did not develop in isolation from Western scholarly debates. In fact, major works published in Slovak and Czech language by three respected Islamicists Rudolf M a c ú c h, Karel P e t r á c e k and Ivan H r b e k show clearly that Czechoslovak scholarship on Islam was to a wide extent connected with Western concepts, including the issues of methodology and the Orientalist discourse.

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Československá diplomacie v únoru a březnu 1948. Příspěvek k mezinárodním aspektům komunistického převratu a k destrukci česko-slovenských demokratických elit stalinistickým režimem

80%

Dejmek J.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2010

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vol. 108

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issue 1

70-113

EN

This study deals with the structure and changes in Czechoslovak diplomacy at the time of the Communist coup d'etat and shortly thereafter. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia to which only a small minority of civil servants declared their allegiance prior to February 1948, succeeded in gaining control of the Ministry without any difficulties as early as the very beginning of the putsch. However, a number of Czechoslovak Ambassadors in Western countries, among others those in the USA, France, Canada and the Latin American countries stood against the new power. The attempt of the permanent delegate at the UN, Jan Papanek to persuade the UN Security Council to consider the international aspects of the putsch was the most significant contribution. Even though he was immediately denounced by the new Communist Government, he helped to raise an awareness in the West of the real circumstances of the coup d'etat.

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ZÁKONÍK PRÁCE Z ROKU 1965 – ZÁKLAD ČESKOSLOVENSKÉHO PRACOVNÍHO PRÁVA VE DRUHÉ POLOVINĚ MINULÉHO STOLETÍ

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Vojáček L.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2014

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vol. 62

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issue 3

501 – 523

EN

The study is devoted to the development of Czechoslovak labour legislation in the second half of the last century. It traces the form and practical application of the basic legal norm – the Labour Code from 1965. It points to the economic and political causes of the most important changes and the impact of the adopted measures on the application of the code in practice. Apart from all the unrealized projects from the period of the renewal process and the post-November legislation, the study directs its attention especially to the characteristics of the three main amendments to the Labour Code during the Normalization period, which the author designates as the normalizing (1969), amending (1975) and reforming (1988) changes. The author endeavours to observe that the development of the legal norms connected with the labour process, the motivation for introducing particular amendments, problems with the implementation of some ideas, conflicting views and difficulties with the application of some adopted measures significantly contributed to the atmosphere of the time. These problems reflected the individual phases of the development of Czechoslovak or Czech and Slovak society in the second half of the last century.

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HISTORIOGRAFIE VE VLEKU POLITIKY DĚJIN: PŘÍPAD ŠTEFÁNIKOVSKÉ LEGENDY ĽUDOVÍTA HOLOTÍKA

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Hálek J.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2022

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vol. 70

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issue 1

115 – 142

EN

The paper analyses the issue of a fight against the bourgeois legends about the foundation of Czechoslovakia in 1918. It uses the example of a Slovak historian Ľudovít Holotík and his book “Štefánikovská legenda a vznik ČSR”. It also focuses on the changes experienced in the period 1960–1968 by the Czech and Slovak historian communities and historiographies describing the First World War and the fight by Czechs and Slovaks for an independent country. In the period following the assumption of power by the Communists in February 1948, the fight against the bourgeois legends about the foundation of Czechoslovakia was one of the main tasks of the official Czechoslovak historiography. Book and journal production devoted to this subject culminated in 1958 with a book by a prominent Slovak historian Ľudovít Holotík “Štefánikovská legenda a vznik ČSR”. Its author set out to prove the claim that the work of M. R. Štefánik (and the whole Czechoslovak resistance abroad) during the First World War could not lead to the liberation of Czechs and Slovaks from the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. The book received a lot of positive responses from Holotík’s colleagues at the time it was published, but in the changing political and social climate of the 1960s it was subjected to sharp criticism. The disapproval culminated during the Prague Spring of 1968. Holotík became gradually isolated and so did his colleagues, who in the new climate refused to uphold their reviews from ten years before. Due to the public pressure, Holotík had to resign from his post as the director of the Institute of History of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in October 1968.

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Vybrané rysy spirituality české katolické církve (1948-1989)

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Hanus J.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

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2007

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vol. 14

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issue 2-3

341-353

EN

In this article the author seeks to explain some fundamental features of Roman Catholic spirituality in the Bohemian Lands after the Second World War. He demonstrates that this phenomenon was in essence both determined by the 'Roman Catholic Renaissance' of the 1930s and by new tendencies, particularly after the Communist takeover of February 1948. Among these tendencies was its enforced closed nature, fear of persecution, traditionalism, and conservatism, which were mainly the result of the limitations on being in touch with people abroad. On the whole, however, the author believes that Czech Roman Catholicism from the Communist takeover to the collapse of the regime in late 1989, despite all its problems, contributed to Czech culture, and he demonstrates this also in the reception of the Second Vatican Council in Bohemia and Moravia. The spirituality of women, both of nuns and of secular intellectuals, receives special praise in the article.

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IMPACT OF THE POLITICAL CHANGES UPON ETHNIC IDENTITY OF HUNGARIAN POPULATION IN THE REGION OF SOUTHERN SLOVAKIA AFTER 1918

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Olejník M.

Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied

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2013

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vol. 16

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issue 3

-

EN

The paper analyse concisely a history of Hungarian community in Czechoslovak Republic after 1918. Similarly as the majority society – Slovaks, the Hungarians underwent a dramatic flow of changes – adaption to conditions of the First Republic (1945 – 1948), a period of communist dictate and democratic changes after November 1989. Each of these periods affected lives of Hungarians living in Slovakia in a different way. The paper is trying to provide elementary information of these developments and reactions of Hungarians not only as members of community but also as individuals.

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ZAZNÁVANÝ A NEPOZNANÝ CENZUS 1919 ČI LEN KURIOZITA?

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Tišliar P., Šprocha B.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2015

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vol. 63

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issue 2

253 – 274

EN

The paper is concerned with the extraordinary census of the population of Slovakia, carried out in 1919 with the aim of supporting the Czechoslovak peace delegation in Paris with data on the ethnic structure of the population. The study analyses selected parts of the preparation, course and publication of the data from this preliminary census with an emphasis mainly on the organizational aspect. In the conclusion, the authors attempt to outline the significance of the 1919 census as a historical source and evaluate the possibilities for its use.

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NALÉHAVOST POTŘEBY NOVÝCH VIZÍ SPOLEČENSKÉHO ROZVOJE – ODKAZ VZNIKU ČESKOSLOVENSKA PŘED 100 LETY

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Vencálek J.

Annales Scientia Politica

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2018

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vol. 7

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issue 2

35 – 40

EN

A hundred years that have passed since the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918 has offered a number of considerations and reflections on new developmental visions of human communities not only in a Czech and Slovak, but also in European and worldwide context. The paper outlines the need to change the causal perception of reality in favour of strengthening the studies of contextual relations, the need to change the simple evidence of phenomena to study their influence on social cohesion and, last but not least, the need to transform hierarchical structures into a more progressive fractal structure.

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NÁRODNOSTNÍ OTÁZKA Z POHLEDU VÝVOJE MEZINÁRODNÍ OCHRANY NÁRODNOSTNÍCH MENŠIN

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Scheu H. C.

Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied

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2013

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vol. 16

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issue 4

-

EN

On the national level the Constitutional Act No. 144/1968 which regulated the status of nationalities in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was certainly a unique legislative action in the field of minority rights. It guaranteed certain minority rights at least to four explicitly mentioned nationalities. The aim of this paper is to describe briefly the development of the protection of national minorities after World War II until the end of the 1960s from an international perspective. We believe that with a view to this context the specific national models may be better evaluated.

11

N. O. Losskij a Československo

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Sládek K.

Studia theologica

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2006

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vol. 8

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issue 1

45-61

EN

Translations of two books by Russian philosopher N. O. Lossky (1870-1965) have been published in Czech recently, History of Russian Philosophy and Doctrine of Reincarnation. Lossky had a huge impact and influence in the exploration of philosophy in the former Czechoslovakia. In 1921, he was forced to leave the USSR. First he found refuge in Czechoslovakia, where he taught at the university in Prague. There he published in the Czech language: 'Theoretical and Practical Meaning of Teachings of Professor Hoppe about I' (1933); Metaphysical Conception of Human Personality in the Sense of Teachings of V. Hoppe (1934); Industrialism, Communism and the Loss of Personality (1934); 'Resurrection' (1934); Dialectic Materialism (1938). After the outbreak of World War II, he taught at the university in Bratislava and published in the Slovak language: Conditions of the Perfect Good (1944); Absolute Criterion of Truth (1946), and Dostoyevsky and His Christian Worldview (1946). In his books, Lossky deepened his philosophical theory of intuitionism and he paid special attention to cognitive coordination. Lossky described his metaphysical conception as hierarchical individualism or organic concrete ideal-realism.

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ŽENY A ŠTRUKTÚRA ČESKOSLOVENSKÉHO MINISTERSTVA ZAHRANIČIA

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Kičková A.

Studia Historica Nitriensia

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2014

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vol. 18

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issue 1

15 – 22

EN

This article outlines the development of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ organizational structure since 1918. It is emphasing the participation of women in the Ministry.

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Počátky exilové politiky Československé strany lidové. Adolf Procházka, Adolf Klimek a boj o Šrámkovo nástupnictví (1948-1953)

80%

Suchanek D.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

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2007

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vol. 14

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issue 4

651-681

EN

This article traces the process of the organization of the Czechoslovak People's Party and its programme in the first six years in exile. It focuses on the power struggle and general relations among its leading figures and interest groups. The author points out that the victory of the Czechoslovak Communist Party (CPCz) in February 1948 meant a turning point for the People's Party. Robbed of the opportunity to carry out its policy freely it henceforth worked in the country under a new leadership within the 'revived' National Front as a satellite of the Communists. At the same time, however, a number of its members gradually joined in the resistance to the dictatorship, which often resulted in harsh repressive measures against them and the Party, and many of its pre-takeover functionaries and members left for the West. Similarly to the leaders and members of other democratic parties in exile, they built up a new party structure and tried to maintain continuity in their institutions and programme. These efforts were from the start, however, accompanied by internal disputes and competition amongst the individual would-be leaders. The intensity and persistence of the disputes were, argues the author, due to the fact that the People's Party, unlike the other emigre parties, was without its chairman and leading party authority, Msgr Jan Sramek (1870-1956), who had been arrested while trying to escape Czechoslovakia. The People's Party in exile soon began to split in two: on the one hand, the uncompromisingly anti-Communist right-wing critics of the idea of the National Front gradually created their own party platform; on the other, within the People's Party in exile there was a struggle over the orientation of the programme, the leadership, and the senior members, which took place among factions around the general secretary of the party, Adolf Klimek (1895-1990), and the former minister of health, Adolf Prochazka (1900-1970). The author discusses mainly the twists and turns of this conflict. Whereas Klimek represented the more traditional Christian-Socialist line in the spirit of Sramek, the intellectual Prochazka was inclined to modernize the party in the direction of the Christian Democrats. The balance of power between the two factions changed, but neither one gained the upper hand. The author argues that this situation very nearly paralyzed the People's Party. It caused a great exodus of rank and file members, weakened the party's position in the non-partisan emigre institutions (like the Council of Free Czechoslovakia) and made it impossible to push through the priorities of its Christian political programme. Towards the end of the article, the author endeavours to look behind the 'curtain of personal relations,' focusing on 1945-48 in order to elucidate the positions, alliances, and rivalries amongst the important political figures of the Czechoslovak People's Party, which clearly continued in exile.

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„KOHO JE PÔDA, TOHO JE KRAJINA...“ (KNIEŽA HOHENLOHE A JEHO AKTIVITY V OBLASTI TATIER, 1879 – 1926)

80%

Holec R.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2023

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vol. 71

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issue 3

533 – 556

EN

Prince Christian Kraft von Hohenlohe bought his first properties in the High Tatras area in 1879 and gradually bought more (about 19,000 ha in total). Several of his buying activities caused great emotions of nationalism in the Kingdom of Hungary. As a German from the Reich, he came into conflict with the opinion that the High Tatras should remain in domestic hands. Even here, however, no one was clear whether it was meant to be Hungarians, Zips Germans, Slovaks or Poles. In addition, the Hungarian state entered the nationalist discourse, which had ambitions to buy property into state hands, which was supposed to be an expression of a positive attitude towards the country and opposition to the most beautiful areas falling into the hands of foreigners. Hohenlohe programmatically demonstrated a positive relationship to the state and its politics. On the other hand, he came into conflict with domestic tourists on his properties, and with his contradictory conservation activities, he justified closing the properties to tourists, which again caused only resistance and resentment from the public. In the Hungarian-Polish border dispute at the beginning of the 20th century, he took the Hungarian side and after 1918 pragmatically defended Czechoslovak interests against Polish territorial claims, because it both suited him and enabled him to avoid the intentions of the later Czechoslovak land reform. The state was also accommodating to the heirs of the estates and dealt with them very generously, as it did not desire a conflict with the Reich Germans in the 1930s. The fates of the Hohenlohe properties thus remained rather exceptional in the Hungarian and Czechoslovak state context.

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Czech Refugee Trust Fund a československá emigrace. Část 1. Geneze a finanční zabezpečení

80%

Kuklik J., Cechurova J.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

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2007

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vol. 14

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issue 1

9-43

EN

This is the first part of a two-part article on the creation and financing of the Czech Refugee Trust Fund. The article considers the state of affairs that emerged after the Munich Agreement of September 1938: the break-up of the Republic of Czechoslovakia, the accession of parts of Czechoslovakia to Hitler's Germany, the creation of the short lived Czecho-Slovakia (or Second Republic), and the great number of refugees fleeing the country. The most important prerequisite for the creation of the Czech Refugee Trust Fund, which was active in Great Britain throughout the Second World War and, in fact, all the way into the 1970s, was the provision of Anglo-French loans for the reconstruction of post-Munich-Agreement Czecho-Slovakia in January 1939, and, in particular, the L4 million British grant in support of refugees. The primary recipients of British support were, as intended, ethnic Germans (particularly Social Democrats and other opponents of Nazism) and Jews, who sought to escape the Second Republic and whose emigration to British dominions and Palestine was supported by Great Britain. By the time the rump Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany (15 March 1939), however, only part of the loan had been used. Moreover, a problem arose with the support of Czech (and also Slovak) émigrés on British territory. These difficulties were surmounted by the creation of the Czech Refugee Trust Fund, to which the remaining funds from the British grant were finally transferred in January 1940, and then used to support refugees. The means of support and the actual work of the Fund are analyzed in greater detail by the authors in Part Two of their article, which will be published in a future issue of Soudobé dějiny.

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RANÉ OBDOBIE POLITICKÉHO MYSLENIA ANDREJA SIRÁCKEHO – VSTUP DO PROBLEMATIKY

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Sivičeková J.

Studia Politica Slovaca: časopis pre politické vedy, najnovšie politické dejiny a medzinárodné vzťahy

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2014

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vol. 7

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issue 2

35 – 50

EN

Andrej Sirácky belongs to the generation of pioneers in marxistic-leninistic ideology in Slovakia. Contribution is analysing the first period of his political thinking, which we are limiting by years 1900 to 1948. By the comparison of the individual theoretical and literary works we are watching the ideological continuity of his political thinking with the view to period environment of the first Czechoslovak Republic and also Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. The paper is bringing up the analysis of early period of political thinking of Andrej Sirácky with the intention to use knowledge to comparison with the presented attitudes of Andrej Sirácky in the period after the 1948, when in Czechoslovakia´s society a systematic ideologisation started after a socialistic regime was established and Andrej Sirácky was on important posts within Slovak Academy of Sciences, Comenius University and in Communist Party of Slovakia too.

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ÚVAHY O ZAVEDENÍ „NÁRODNOSTNÉHO KĽÚČA“ PRI VÝSTAVBE VELITEĽSKÉHO ZBORU ČS. ARMÁDY PO SKONČENÍ 2. SVETOVEJ VOJNY

80%

Maskalík A.

Vojenská história

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2020

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vol. 24

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issue 3

115 - 124

EN

In the introduction of the edited document, the author points out to the fact that the so called “nationality key” in forming the CZ command corps after the end of World War 2. emerged from the so called National Personal Structure Model, determining the national proportions for staffing at all command and management levels. Since the state-forming nations were dominating the command corps of the Czechoslovak People’s Army, the nationality key referred exclusively to the Czech and Slovak element. Elaboration of the nationality key should have become an army-wide matter, with all the units of the Ministry of National Defence and General Staff engaged. This should have concerned all service categories and should have been applied to all areas of the army personal work, i.e. to recruitment into the command corps, appointing soldiers for ranks, their promotions and appointments. However, a lot of complications were encountered from the beginning. Particularly in the case of officers, the problem appeared to be most complicated. Their number and method of classification was determined strictly by the so called “systemization” of the service positions approved by the government still according to the regulations of the 24th June 1926. Moreover, the whole area was determined also by the insufficiently clarified bonds and competences of individual ministerial units. The personnel work with the command corps was fragmented. The published archival document comes from the Military Historical Archive Prague.

18

EVOLUTION OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW IN OUR TERRITORY (Vyvoj prava nekalej sutaze na nasom uzemi)

80%

Vozar J.

Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)

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2011

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vol. 94

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issue 2

131-144

EN

The author deals with creation of national unfair competition laws. He refers to two models of evolution of this law - the French and German ones. He especially focuses on the evolution of unfair competition law in the territory of former Czechoslovakia. He analyses in detail the individual historical periods, and in particular the first model Czechoslovak act on protection against unfair competition. In the following section of his article he deals with unfair competition legislation in the years of 1918 - 1938 and in the years of 1938 - 1990.

19

Československý olympijský výbor v letech 1945–1948 a příprava letních olympijských her v Londýně 1948

80%

Havlinova J.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2011

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vol. 19

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issue 1

199-235

EN

There is no doubt that the first postwar Olympic Games held in London in 1948 played a role in the history of sports that was far from being negligible as that event was intended to become a symbol of the reestablished unity of all nations. Therefore, much of the postwar efforts of the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee from the very beginning concentrated on the preparation for the Olympic Games. This did not include only the pre-Olympic training of sportsmen; also the money needed for the participation had to be raised. Owing to the Committee's efforts and also thanks to the government a sufficient amount of money was obtained and many excellent sportsmen could attend the event. It was hoped that the Czechoslovak representatives would gain many Olympic medals. Indeed, they often showed surprising performances. Through its work, the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee could influence to some extent the political development in the country even after February 1948, as the Communist regime was still consolidating at that time and paid much more attention to other priorities than to sports.

20

PRVNÍ ČÁST NÁVRHU MUSEOLOGIE PRO VENKOVSKÁ MUSEA A NÁVRH SMĚRNIC PRO NÁRODOPIS V MUSEJNÍCH SBÍRKÁCH

80%

Palárik M.

Studia Historica Nitriensia

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2013

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vol. 17

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issue 2

112 – 129

EN

Following paper deals with the preparation of draft guidelines for museums´ staff in the interwar period. It is described the historical background of the document and presented the main content and interpreted the introduction into museum practice in given era. The prepared directive should have helped the employees in country museums to improve the quality of museological documentation in various regions of Czechoslovakia. The author of the document was museologist, historian and ethnologist - Josef František Svoboda.

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