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Problemy metodologiczne w badaniach nad Celtami i celtyckością

100%
Faszcza M. N.
Studia Europaea Gnesnensia
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2015
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issue 11
55-83
PL
In the studies devoted to Celts so far, researchers have tried to define “Celticness” based on two criteria: their material culture and language. Another element which tended to be employed was the argument of terminology used by antique authors. At present, we know that the sense of ethnic identification may have been independent of those factors. This led to a genuine “scientific revolution”, which resulted in the exclusion of Ireland and northern Britain from the circle of Celtic culture. Consequently, the question in which cases one can speak of “Celticness” has become relevant yet again. The author is of the opinion that decisive significance should be attributed to self-identification of given tribes, although sources rarely provide information in that respect. Depending on the remaining criteria tends to be greatly unreliable, given that they were are a modern concept and as such are subject to manipulation. A comfortable, though exceedingly rare situation is their joint occurrence. For this reason the author is inclined to give priority to the language criterion, yet only when the faulty terminology relation to the so-called Q-Celtic and P-Celtic languages is abandoned. Despite the fact that Irish civilisation has been demonstrated to have been non-Celtic, the obsolete terminology is still in use, as a result of which the linguistic criterion cannot perform its function effectively.
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'Cath Catharda'. Irlandzka wersja 'Bellum Civile' Marka Anneusza Lukana? Wprowadzenie do tematu

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Bartnik A.
Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae
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2011
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vol. 21
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issue 2
27-40
EN
The Irish literary legacy, as well as the Greek and Roman ones, belongs to one of the oldest legacies in Europe. Among numerous, preserved till nowadays Irish texts, the work Cath Catharda seems to be particularly interesting. The work is about the civil war in Rome, which took place in 49–47 B.C. and seems to be an Irish version of Bellum Civile by Lukanus. The text is divided into twenty one chapters, which quite exactly copy information, which can be fund in Lucanus’ Songs I – VII. Only the first two chapters of the Irish work do not refer to the Roman poem, as they are peculiar introduction to political situation in Rome and a story about Caesar’s Invasion of Britain. The chapters 3–21 are closely connected with Songs included in Bellum Civile. Slight differences which can be noticed in the Irish text are result of the fact that the text is written in prose and specificity of language. In general Cath Catharda is a very precise copy of Bellum Civile.
3
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One Authority – One Idea – One Order. The Monetary System of the Amber Road as a Testimony of Greek Influence on Social and Economic Activities of central European Celts

86%
Smělý T.
Studia Hercynia
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2017
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vol. 21
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issue 2
40-80
EN
Based on a unique bimetallic coinage system, an extensive coin production occurred in Central Europe in the Amber Road region, after the middle of the 3rd century BC. The entire area is characterised by uniformity of the coinage in multiple production sites. The ability to formulate a complex economic programme and, in particular, the implementation of such a programme for a long time, spanning several generations, and maintaining it politically as well as logistically, is atestimony of a strong central authority.
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Influencia de las lenguas prerromanas en la lengua española

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Łazor A.
Forum Filologiczne Ateneum
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2018
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vol. 6
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issue 1
47-59
EN
Before the romanisation, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited communities speaking distinct languages with Latin used as their official language. However, the contact of local languages with Latin has left the residue preserved in modern Spanish. This work will present certain features of Spanish which may be attributed to the influence of pre-Roman languages.
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Archeologiczne odkrycia na trasie autostrady A4 w zachodniej Małopolsce

72%
Naglik R.
Zeszyty Naukowe Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie
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2009
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issue 2(13) t. 3
97-106
PL
Poczynając od 1996 r., Krakowski Zespół do Badań Autostrad Sp. jawna - tworzona przez trzy największe krakowskie instytucje zajmujące się badaniami archeologicznymi: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie i Uniwersytet Jagielloński - prowadzi archeologiczne wykopaliska ratownicze na trasie budowanej autostrady A4 w zachodniej Małopolsce. Przebadano dotąd ponad 150 ha terenu z kilkuset osadami i cmentarzyskami. Szczególne znaczenie ma odkrycie rozległych zgrupowań wczesnoneolitycznych osad powstających od połowy VI tysiąclecia p.n.e. Istotnych materiałów dostarczyły także groby i osady celtyckie z III-I w. p.n.e. Wyniki prowadzonych prac pozwalają na daleko idącą weryfikację dotychczasowych sądów co do chronologii i zasięgu występowania osadnictwa szeregu kultur archeologicznych w Małopolsce.
EN
Starting from 1996, the Krakowski Zaspół do Badań Autostrad Sp. jawna (The Krakow Team of Motorways Research general partnership) - established by three biggest Krakow institutions, which deal with archaeological research: Archaeological and Ethnological Institute PAN (Polish Academy of Science), Museum of Archaeology in Krakow and The Jagiellonian University - has been carrying out rescue archaeological excavations along the route of the A4 motorway being under construction in the west part of Małopolska region. 150 ha have been researched so far together with hundreds of settlements and burial mounds. The discovery of vast concentration of early-Neolithic settlements, established before the first half of VI millennium BC is of particular importance. Also, the Celtic tombs and settlements of III-I century BC have supplied essential materials. The research results of excavation works being carried out allow for far-reaching verification of former opinions, which refer to a chronology and localization of settlements of a wide range of archaeological cultur
6
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Auf der Suche nach den Keltinnen in Italien. Die Hohlbuckelringe aus Marzabotto (prov. Bologna/I)

72%
Geschwind H.
Studia Hercynia
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2020
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vol. 24
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issue 2
78-97
EN
Marzabotto (prov. Bologna/I) is one of the most important archaeological sites for research on the mobility of Celtic women. Since the 19th century, six undecorated ‘Hohlbuckelringe’ (anklets with hollow hemispheres/ knobbed rings) have been found and studied. This type of jewellery arises in the middle La Tène period in Central Europe, where certain variants developed in different regions. Due to the studies of the anklets from Marzabotto, a Celtic influence can be assumed in LT B2 in Emilia -Romagna, which has its origins in the area of Slovakia, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. For the first time in Marzabotto, the La Tène woman’s jewellery is the focus of the provenance debate.
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Keltové a Germáni i keltové a germáni. O psaní velkých písmen v názvech etnik a umělých myšlenkových konstruktů

72%
Salač V.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2023
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vol. 106
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issue 3
185-191
EN
Demonyms (words expressing affiliation to an ethnic group, nation, state, city, etc.) need to be capitalized in the Czech language. However, research in various disciplines in recent decades has shown that some names that have been clearly understood as designations of the affiliation to a nation or an ethnic group do not correspond to the current understanding of these terms. Such designations include the words Keltové (Celts) and Germáni (ancient Germans), which in fact represent constructs artificially created by ancient Greek and Roman authors to denote large groups of barbarians regardless of what these barbarians called themselves, how they identified themselves, what languages they spoke, etc. If we regard the Celts or the ancient Germans as artificial constructs rather than ethnic groups, however, they need to be written with small initial letters according to the rules of the Czech orthography – keltové and germáni.
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Bitwa pod Alezją w De bello Gallico Gajusza Juliusza Cezara

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Szmidt H.
Officina Historiae
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2023
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vol. 6
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issue 1
7-30
EN
Article describes the details of the Battle of Alesia, fought in 52 B.C. where The Roman legionnaires faced the more numerous Gauls. It’s shows the commander of the Romans, Gaius Julius Caesar, and specifically the beginnings of his political and military career. Also, describes the Celts, sometimes called Gauls. It concerns their origins and migration in Europe.
PL
Artykuł opisuje szczegóły bitwy pod Alezją z 52 r. p.n.e., gdzie Rzymscy legioniści stawili czoła liczniejszym zastępom Galów. Przedstawia on dowódcę Rzymian, Gajusza Juliusza Cezara, a konkretnie początki jego kariery politycznej i wojskowej. Opisuje także Celtów, nazywanych czasem Galami. Dotyczy ich początków i migracji w Europie.
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Irish Bards in Shakespeare's Richard III and As You Like it

58%
Breeze A.
Language. Culture. Politics. International Journal
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2021
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vol. 1
129-136
EN
Shakespeare alludes twice to Irish bards. In Richard III, the king mentions a prophecy by one of his imminent death; in As You Like It, Rosalind jokes on how Irish bards can supposedly rhyme rats to death. Both refer to supposed bardic powers of seeing the future and of ritual cursing of enemies. A survey of the literature shows satire and prophecy as going back to ancient times. There is in addition ample material on the (sometimes deadly) eects of satire in medieval and later Ireland, where it is known from chronicles, legal tracts, handbooks of poetry, and various surviving poems. There are in addition comic tales on how bards exploited their power, including an eleventh-century one on King Guaire's Burdensome Company, wherein the poet SenchÆn rhymes to death certain mice that had spoiled an egg reserved for him. Shakespeare's references can thus be related to traditions well-known in Gaul and medieval (or early modern) Ireland and Scotland.
10
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Ostrogi krzesłowate w okresie wpływów rzymskich – stan i potrzeby badań

51%
Smółka-Antkowiak E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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2016
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issue 31
EN
In the Roman Iron Age can be observed the development of spurs production by the barbarian communities in Central Europe. Spurs were disseminated by Celts, then were gladly used and modified by local people. Their initial form were certainly bow-shaped spurs. But there were also chair-shaped spurs, which were derived from bow-shaped form. Through the work of numerous researchers we have more and vaster, but still incomplete knowledge about these monuments. With a high degree of certainty we can talk about development of forms of these monuments. Their development from bow-shaped forms perfectly shows spurs with three circular plates, so called Dreikreisplattensporen. First items of this type come from the fifth / fourth decade of the first century BC, which makes them the oldest form of rivet spurs. Their genetic zone is connected with area occupied by the Celtic tribe of Treveri. They are therefore not, as previously thought, germanic, but celtic product. However, thanks to the Elbe Germanic these spurs disseminated in the area covered by the settlement of tribes belonging to the Germanic circle of civilization. However, must be noted that in Treveri area at the same time we have to deal with three wholly distinct communities – Terveri (Celts), Suebi (Germans) and Romans. So it is not obvious who had the idea to initiate production of rivet spurs. Detailed analysis of these early forms of spurs, could bring measurable effects for our understanding of real origin of this monuments. It could also help to point trails which these monuments were further redistributed into the Germanic zone, and thus also the areas of the Polish lands. From the land occupied by the Przeworsk culture, there are two specimens of so called Dreikreisplattensporen, from Korytnica, grave 4 and Zakrzewo, grave 14. They can be classified as a Geoblingen-Thür type by Bockius. They are found mainly in Treveri area, but similar also occur in the area of the Grossromstedt culture. Here are considered as the imitation rather than Celtic import. The issue of provenience of these spurs is still unresolved. In the Roman Iron Age significantly increased the number and diversity of chairshaped spurs produced in the Germania Magna. Their development during this period is no doubt related to the germanic communities, which inhabited the area extending along an axis running from the Jutland Peninsula to the Elbe River basin, where these monuments are the most common. An interesting phenomenon is the presence of imitation parts of chair-shaped spurs observed in the bow-shaped spurs. Such similarity is visible between the chair-shaped spurs with highly separate prick and bow-shaped spurs of Wielbark culture. In conclusion, currently, despite the existence of several separate classifications of chair-shaped spurs, using them is significantly hampered. These difficulties are due to e.g. no longer current findings. This is caused by increase of data base or deficiencies such as the presentation of incomplete catalog. Difficulties in classifying stem not only from restrictions on the use of existing typologies, but also from a large variety of chairshaped spurs. Correct classification of these monuments, the ability to precisely determine their chronology and the creation of their full catalog is the basis for comprehensive research, covering the entire area of distribution of chair-shaped spurs. They would give the opportunity to lead the direction of the distribution of spurs; trails, which reach among others on the Polish lands. This research would show the directions of interregional contacts. Next step would be thinking of which social processes led to the dissemination of this type of findings on the Elbe and southern Scandinavia areas and further spreading of such spurs in the East. 
PL
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