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EN
His publication, with the subtitle: Cesare Brandi (1906-1988), jego myśl i debata o dziedzictwie. Sztuka konserwacji-restauracji w Polsce (Cesare Brandi /1906-1988/, His Thought and the Heritage Debate. Art of Conservation-Restoration in Poland), contains opinions presented at a conference held under the same title at the Museum Palace Orangery in Wilanow on 5-6 October 2007. The collection documents an important event and considers the theoretical and practical achievements of Polish and European conservators; at the same time, it is part of the worldwide celebrations of the hundredth anniversary of the birth of the eminent Italian scholar, and discusses his accomplishments and their significance for the contemporary protection of the cultural heritage. The four parts of the book deal with various aspects of conservation-restoration, introduced by Prof. Iwona Szmelter. The authors of the first part analyse the role played in Polish conservation-restoration by the conceptions launched by Cesare Brandi. The second group of articles considers contemporary problems and challenges, which include, i. a. modern research and conservation techniques, new forms of heritage protection, and innovative forms of communication with society as regards this particular domain. Successive material pertain to the past and present of Polish conservation-restoration and the outstanding authors of Polish academic conservation centres, Brandi’s contemporaries. The final part delves into essential conservation theories and their references to praxis – concrete cases, complexes of monuments, and the activity of teams of experts. The presented studies testify to the close connections between conservation-restoration and assorted disciplines of the arts, exerting a prominent impact on the further fate of historical monuments.
EN
The masterpiece The Last Judgment exhibited at the National Museum in Gdańsk was developed in 15th century; painted in tempera and oil on oak, the triptych has been attributed to Hans Memling so far. The only date in history of the triptych that we can be sure about is 27th April 1473, when it was captured at sea by pirates. Upon receiving the results described below, date of origin of the work of art was set for ca. 1460. Synergy of research – from humanistic research to instrumental analysis – delivered great results due to cooperation of the Faculty of Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw with the CHARISMA- MOLAB project. Assumptions regarding attribution change, dating revision and cultural role were made based on aggregated analysis of results of multi-criteria project carried out in the years 2010–2014. Set of pigments and oil and tempera paint are typical for Flemish art of the second half of 15th century. Multispectral infrared reflectography (MIR) showed i.a. that under the groups of apostles there are angels from Arma Christi; RTG showed changes of underpainting. The above changes of the original triptych composition and the change of painting method refer to the central panel – vertical Christological scene similar to the polyptych The Last Judgment by Rogier van der Weyden from Beaune. There were also discovered several minor changes, some of them were already known (Kwiatkowski 1960, Białostocki 1966, Molly Faries 1994, Flik, Olszewska 2005). According to the latest research it might be concluded that the first stage of the work of art was created by Rogier van der Weyden, whose compositions, underdrawings and underpainting constitute an “autograph”, whereas the painting was finished by Hans Memling. Dendrochronological research confirmed that the ground made of “Baltic” oak might have been ready for painting in 1460 – 4 years before Weyden’s death. The multi-layer triptych might have been finished by Hans Memling; he settled in Bruges in January 1465. The triptych The Last Judgment exhibited in Gdańsk is an artistic and stylistic novum, with unique expression due to humanism and features typical for Northern Renaissance.
PL
Arcydzieło Sąd Ostateczny z Muzeum Narodowego w Gdańsku pochodzi z XV w., tryptyk w technice olejno-temperowej na drewnie dębowym, przypisywany dotąd był Hansowi Memlingowi. Jedyną pewną datą w historii tryptyku jest 27 kwietnia 1473 r., gdy był on uprowadzony przez korsarzy. Datowanie tryptyku przesunięto na ok. 1460 r. po uzyskaniu wyników odczytanych z samego „dzieła”, relacjonowanych poniżej. Synergia badań – od humanistycznych po analizy instrumentalne – dała świetne rezultaty dzięki współpracy Wydziału Konserwacji i Restauracji Dzieł Sztuki z warszawskiej ASP z projektem CHARISMA-MOLAB. Hipotezy o zmianie atrybucji tryptyku, rewizji jego datowania i kulturowej roli powstały w wyniku łącznej interpretacji wyników w multikryterialnym projekcie z lat 2010–2014. Paleta pigmentów i spoiwo olejno-temperowe są zgodne ze sztuką flamandzką w 2 poł. XV wieku. W wielospektralnej reflektografii podczerwonej (MNIR) odkryto m.in. wcześniejsze Anioły z Arma Christi pod grupami Apostołów, a w RTG – zmiany podmalowań. Te dwukrotne zmiany głównego projektu kompozycji tryptyku i jedna w warstwie malarskiej zlokalizowane są w środkowym panelu, w wertykalnej scenie chrystologicznej podobnej do poliptyku Sąd Ostateczny Rogiera van der Weydena z Beaune. Zarejestrowano także kilkadziesiąt mniej ważnych zmian, z których część była znana (Kwiatkowski 1960, Białostocki 1966, Molly Faries 1994, Flik, Olszewska 2005). W rezultacie obecnych badań można sądzić, że gdański tryptyk to dzieło rozpoczęte przez Rogiera van der Weyden’a, którego kompozycje, spodnie rysunki i podmalowanie mają tu charakter „autografu”, i ukończone przez Hansa Memlinga. Badania dendrochronologiczne potwierdziły, że podłoże z dębu „Bałtyckiego” mogło być gotowe do malowania w 1460 r., czyli na 4 lata przed śmiercią Weydena. Wielowarstwowy tryptyk mógł ukończyć Hans Memling, o którym z tych lat wiadomo tylko, że w styczniu 1465 r. osiedlił się w Brugii. Gdański tryptyk Sąd Ostateczny ma charakter artystycznego i stylistycznego novum, ma unikalną ekspresję dzięki humanizmowi i cechom wczesnego Północnego Renesansu.
EN
The expropriation of historical immovables for the sake of the State Treasury is a special legal instrument used in the name of collective interest and concern for the national heritage. The expropriation of immovables consists of the deprivation or limitation of ownership rights, the right of perpetual usage or other rights concerning immovables. Intervention into the right of ownership of historical immovables, which involves expropriation, should be realised in accordance with the binding law. The legal foundations for expropriation can be found in three types of regulations: the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, statutes and international public and European law. Decisions pertaining to a temporary seizure of historical immovables and expropriation have been divided between two organs of public administration: the voivodeship conservator of historical monuments and the starosta, with the former acting as the advisory and motionfiling organ, while the starosta conducts the expropriation procedure and makes decisions about the expropriation of the immovables. The expropriation of historical immovables conceived as legal institution, which is to guarantee the preservation of historical monuments by the state, is both correct and regular. Its application, however, calls for the observation of administrative procedures, which considerably increase the time of the procedure. As a consequence, it causes a considerable delay of conservation undertakings aimed at saving the original historical substance. In view of the fact that expropriation usually relates to the most damaged and neglected monuments, chances for the preservation of even the smallest fragment of the original are often slight, and the institution of expropriation, whose purpose is to salvage historical monuments, could contribute to a rapidly progressing and irreversible reduction of the original historical substance. The conservation milieu, mindful of scientific accomplishments and the postulates of the charter for the protection of historical monuments, strives at a preservation of the original historical substance as little altered as possible. It seems more correct, therefore, to opt for a less radical path – to persuade the owner to agree to conservation or sale. Expropriation, envisaged as a form of legal coercion, should be applied in exceptional cases, when the repertoire of other possibilities has been exhausted. On the other hand, it should not be avoided, keeping in mind the fact that historical monuments are supposed to survive not only for the sake of our generation, and that their protection, perceived as a public goal, justifies expropriation.
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