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The Educational System in Israel – Changes in Perception and Approaches since the Late 19th Century

100%
Liviatan S. A.
Biuletyn Historii Wychowania
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2015
|
issue 33
71-78
EN
Education, by its very nature, is an institution that preserves tradition and its values, and thus preserves structures, patterns and processes that have become rooted in society and continue to influence and shape it. Education was one of the significant forces in the shaping of modern culture and the modern social cohesion of the Jewish people along with the peoples of Europe from the end of the 19th century and throughout the entire process of its renewed hold over its land. In the period that preceded the establishment of the State the focuses of power were distributed politically, with the considerable involvement of the community in what was done in education. Since the establishment of the State, the structure of the shaping of education policy in Israel has experienced changes. The principle of statehood guided Prime Minister Ben-Gurion, who sought to apply it also to the educational system. For many years since the establishment of the State, changes have been made in the national consensus about the emphasis of values, according to the spirit of the era and the major events that occurred in the country and society in Israel. In the transition to the 21st century, Israeli society is undergoing major changes that have direct implications on the positioning of formal education in society and on the image of the desired graduate.
2

Odpowiedzialność sprzedawcy za jakość towaru konsumpcyjnego według założeń i projektu ustawy o prawach konsumenta

87%
Koszowski M.
Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego
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2014
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vol. 23
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issue 1
159-180
EN
In this article, the Author criticizes the propositions of changes which are planned to be made in the Polish consumer sale law, demonstrating that almost all of these propositions are ill-founded or badly-designed. According to him, the reason is twofold. First, the proffered solutions do not fit the very reality in which consumer sale takes place in Poland (and not only here): especially the basic need to maintain positive relations among the consumers and sellers as well as between the sellers and their direct and indirect suppliers seems to be – by the drafters – utterly disregarded. Second, the propositions are very often based upon fallacious assumptions or the misunderstanding of working of a legal institution they have wanted to reform. The more significant concern, however, lies in the fact that full of defects though the planned changes are, almost none of these defects has been discerned and pointed out by the consulted organizations and state agencies whose mission is to take care of the consumers’ and entrepreneurs’ rights and interests. In consequence, one is tempted to ask who, if not such organizations and agencies, is to see to the needs of the market and its participants having been properly secured in the Polish consumer law.
3
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Instrumenty wspierania osób młodych na rynku pracy po zmianach w ustawie o promocji zatrudnienia i instytucjach rynku pracy

87%
Baron-Wiaterek M.
Studia Ekonomiczne
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2016
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vol. 257
32-43
PL
Rynek pracy jest obszarem o niezwykłej dynamice zmian. Każda grupa społeczna uczestników próbuje odnaleźć na nim swoje miejsce. Wśród nich znajdują się także osoby młode, które spotykają tam liczne ograniczenia. Dlatego konieczne jest podjęcie wobec nich szerszych działań systemowych. Podstawą do tego są zmiany w obowiązującym ustawodawstwie rynku pracy dokonane w 2014 r. W zasadniczym zakresie modyfikują one dotychczasowe rozwiązania pasywne odnoszące się do osób młodych.
EN
The labour market is an area of exceptional dynamic of change. Every social group of participants is trying to find their own place on it. Among them are found the young people who come across a number of restrictions. Therefore, it is necessary to take wider system solutions towards them. Basis for the this are changes in the applicable in the labour market legislation made in 2014. In the principal range it is modifying of the existing solutions passive young people.
4
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Sprzedaż odzieży sportowej w krajach Unii Europejskiej – ocena podobieństwa poziomu i zmian w czasie

73%
Dittmann P.
Studia Ekonomiczne
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2018
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vol. 373
19-30
PL
W artykule zamieszczono wyniki badań, których celem była ocena podobieństwa poziomu oraz podobieństwa zmian w czasie wielkości sprzedaży odzieży sportowej w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2007-2017. Dla realizacji celu badań użyto odpowiednich miar statystycznych oraz miary podobieństwa funkcji. Nie stwierdzono podobieństwa poziomu wielkości sprzedaży odzieży sportowej w przeliczeniu na 1000 mieszkańców badanych krajów. Stwierdzono natomiast występowanie wśród badanych rynków: rynków wiodących (na których zmiany w sprzedaży występowały wcześniej niż na innych rynkach), zbieżnych (na których zmiany występowały w tym samym czasie, co na innych rynkach) oraz rynków naśladujących (na których zmiany występowały z opóźnieniem).
EN
The article presents the results of the research, which aimed at assessing the similarity of the level and similarity of changes in the volume of sports clothing sales in the European Union in 2007-2017. For the purpose of the research, appropriate statistical measures and a measure of similarity of functions were used. There was no similarity in the level of sales of sportswear per 1000 inhabitants of the countries surveyed. On the other hand, there were found among the examined markets: leading markets (where changes in sales occurred earlier than on other markets), convergent (where changes occurred at the same time as on other markets) and imitating markets (where changes occurred with a delay).
5
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Non-Originalism Differently: the Obligation of the Legislator to Respond to Changing Conditions

44%
Kokešová J.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
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2018
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vol. 8
217-236
PL
The question that the paper seeks to answer is formulated through reflections on the is-sues of non-originalism. Non-originalism refers to an approach to the interpretation of the Constitution where the text of the Constitution adapts to new conditions without any formal change. This approach is applied by courts which, in the light of new circumstances, interpret the Constitution in a different way. The question is whether the same approach should also be applied by the legislator. Should it be the legislator who monitors whether the Constitution has changed in substance as a result of changes in society and that some existing statutes thus have become unconstitutional? The paper concludes that the legisla-tor has an obligation to monitor and respond to such changes by amending or abolishing certain statutes or by adopting new ones. If the legislator fails to respond, then his behav-iour – inaction – is unconstitutional. However, the paper does not claim that the legislator must respond to all the changes in society, but only to those that are significant and obvi-ous. The legislator is understood as an institution, not as a member of the legislative body (based on the theory of the legislative intent). However, the institution of the legislator is a human creation and composed of individuals, and it is their knowledge that makes up the knowledge of the legislator. And it is precisely their possibilities that determine the bound-aries of what the legislator should know. In this text, the creation of law is understood as communication between the legislator, who is the author of statutes, and public bodies, who interpret and apply them. As with any communication, context is what determines it. The legislator’s obligations are derived from the content of the context, its function, and its essential position in communication.
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