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PL
Filmy Macieja Adamka: "Konkurs" (2002), "Życie przed Tobą" (2003), "Jestem" (2004) oraz "Gry i zabawy dziecięce" (2010) są bardzo wnikliwymi portretami dziecka i dzieciństwa nakręconymi bez poczucia dominacji dorosłego, angażującymi emocjonalnie, a jednocześnie stanowiącymi znakomity punkt wyjścia do refleksji nad społecznym światem dziecka. Adamek zmusza widza do skonfrontowania się z kulturowymi wyobrażeniami dzieciństwa jako okresu szczęścia i beztroski. W filmach tych znajdziemy też refleksję na temat przemian społecznych ideologii w odniesieniu do dziecka i jego potrzeb rozwojowych oraz konsumenckich, jak również potwierdzenie tezy, że dzieciństwo jest zjawiskiem społecznie konstruowanym.
EN
Films by Maciej Adamek such as: 'The Competition' (2002), 'Life to Live' (2003), 'I Am Here' (2004) and 'Kids Play' (2010) are very insightful portraits of children and childhood, made without a feel ing of an adult’s domination over the film. They are emotionally engaging, and at the same time, they offer an excellent starting point for reflection on the social world of children. Adamek forces the viewer to confront the cultural concept of childhood as a period full of happiness and innocence. In these films there is also a reflection on the social changes of ideologies related to children, their development and consumer needs, and a confirmation of the thesis that childhood is a socially constructed phenomenon.
PL
W artykule pojęcie i zjawisko kinofilii jest pretekstem do przyjęcia szczególnej perspektywy, a mianowicie założenia, że dziecko oglądające filmy także wykazuje się swego rodzaju miłością do kina. Koschany szuka przykładów we wspomnieniach reżyserów oraz ich autotematycznej i autobiograficznej twórczości, gdzie dziecko okazuje się wyjątkowym odbiorcą filmu – identyfikującym się z obrazem, wierzącym w przedstawioną rzeczywistość, nieuprzedzonym intelektualnie. Pojawiający się w omawianych filmach sentymentalizm (na przykład w "Kinie Paradiso") świadczy o tęsknocie dorosłego widza do takiego pierwotnego, czystego, niemalże cielesnego kontaktu ze sztuką.
EN
In this paper the concept and phenomenon of cinephilia is a pretext for adopting a particular perspective, namely the assumption that a child watching films also manifests a kind of love for the cinema. Koschany looks for examples in directors’ memoirs and in their self-reflexive, autobiographical work, in which the child turns out to be an exceptional viewer of the film – one that fully identifies itself with the image, wholeheartedly believes in the presented reality, and is totally unprejudiced intellectually. The sentimentality appearing in such films (for example in 'Nuovo cinema Paradiso') speaks of an adult viewer’s longing for such original and pure, and almost bodily contact with the art.
EN
Purpose: Children obesity consists a fundamental problem of public health in Greece. The understanding of the factors which is correlated to is a requirement for the implementation of intervening policy and treatment. The aim of the study was to investigate the dietary habits of the students in Lemnos Island and their correlation to obesity and overweight rates. Materials and methods: 130 students of the 4th, 5th and the 6th grade from three primary schools of Lemnos Island completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). A weigh measurement followed BMI calculation with the use of growth charts in order to estimate the rates of obese, overweight and underweight children. Correlations were carried out between children dietary patterns and their BMI. Results: Τhe majority of the children follow a balanced diet according to the nutritional recommendations. The obesity prevalence and the overweight rates of the Lemnos students was 8.2% and 16.4%, respectively. 72.4% of the students had normal weight, whereas 3% of them were underweight. There was no correlation of obesity/overweight rates with the dietary patterns and physical activity. Boys consume breakfast more frequently in comparison to girls and are more occupied with athletic activities. In the 4th grade the breakfast consumption was more frequent in comparison to the 6th grade. Conclusions: The students of Lemnos appear low rates of overweight, in comparison with other studies in Greek land, by following a balanced diet. The environment and the living conditions of the children on the island may contribute to adapting a healthier way of living.
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EN
The authors point to balanced nutrition in children with heart disease, which is not easy at all in terms of age and nutrition, and with respect to the limitations of heart disease. heart disease in childhood is a very comprehensive set of diseases, including congenital malformations, arrhythmias, valvular defects, hypertension. Congenital heart defects include situations where the heart attack is present at birth. In the czech republic approximately 500 children with heart defect are born annually. The aim of the paper is to make recommendations on how to properly choose the right foods for children with heart disease. it is important to exclude industrially produced salt foods, limiting salt and fat intake. These measures can be approached very individually with respect to the child‘s age, surgery, associated dg., medication. The whole family should always be involved so that the child does not suffer, it is not our intention to psychically distract the child. it should also take into account age, sex. a mildly reducing diet if overweight or obesity is always a risk! in the case of a very young child, such as breast-fed infants, it is important for these measures to be followed by a nursing mother. Nutrition is most important not only for children with heart disease, because they may need to take care of themselves in order to prevent their condition from becoming fatal at the end, as well as prevention and healthy lifestyle.
PL
Film niemiecki lat 1919-1945 tradycyjnie ujmowany jest przez cezurę 1933 r. Rozdzielenie filmu niemieckiego na dwie epoki – weimarską i III Rzeszy – pociąga za sobą pominięcie i zafałszowanie części zjawisk. Jednym z nich jest wątek bohaterów dziecięcych. Najmłodsi stają się najczęściej obiektami pożądania czy ofiarami indoktrynacji. W przypadku znaczących ról, bohaterów dziecięcych odgrywają dorośli. Postacie dzieci znane widzom z kina weimarskiego pojawiają się w nowych rolach w kinie nazistowskim. Paradoksalnie, w Republice Weimarskiej powstał szereg filmów przedstawiających dzieci. Obrazy te wspierały teorię eugeniczne lub stanowiły zapowiedź polityki nazistowskich Niemiec. Natomiast w III Rzeszy konwencja kina rozrywkowego i tematyki szkolnej pozwalała na powstawanie filmów o wymowie anarchistycznej. Przyjęcie perspektywy najmłodszych umożliwia dostrzeżenie ciągłości między obydwiema kinematografiami, a ponadto pozwala przełamać dogmatyczny podział na demokratyczne kino weimarskie i oparty jedynie na propagandzie film nazistowski.
EN
German film in the period of 1919-1945 is usually understood to be divided by the watershed of 1933. The separation of German film into two eras – the Weimar and the Third Reich – entails the omission and misrepresentation of certain events. One of them is the theme of child characters. The young ones are the most common objects of desire or victims of indoctrination. In the case of important roles, children were played by adults. Characters known to viewers from the Weimar cinema appear in new roles in the Nazi cinema. Paradoxically, in the Weimar Republic a range of films depicting children was made. These films supported the theory of eugenics, and constituted the announcement of the policy of Nazi Germany. However in the Third Reich the convention of entertainment and the popular theme of school life allowed for films with an anarchistic message. By adopting the perspective of children one can see the continuity between both cinematographies. It also allows one to break with the stereotyped division of German cinema into the period of democratic Weimar cinema and Nazi propaganda films.
EN
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the reliability of functional balance tests in 7-10 year-old children, as well as the relation between the functional balance tests and anthropometric parameters.   Methods: The study sample was composed of 80 7-10 year-old children (40 boys and 40 girls) from Nishapur (Iran). The participants were selected randomly with the approval of the Nishapur Education Department. Romberg's test and Sharpened Romberg Test were used to assess static balance. Y Balance Test was used to assess semi-dynamic balance. Timed Up and Go Test and Tandem Gait Test were used to assess dynamic balance. The following anthropometric parameters were measured: weight (kg), height (cm), leg length (cm), arch of the foot (cm), upper body length (cm), lower body length (cm), upper limb length (cm). The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 20. Findings: Romberg test was not reliable. Sharpened Romberg Test was reliable in girls. Timed Up and Go Test and Tandem Gait Test were reliable in boys. Y Balance Test was reliable in boys and girls. The analysis of the correlation between functional balance tests (static and dynamic) and anthropometric parameters according to sex showed that there was only a significant negative correlation between arch of the foot and Sharpened Romberg Test in girls (r=-.43; p=.00). Conclusions: Sharpened Romberg Test is reliable in Iranian 7-10 year-old girls. Timed Up and Go Test and Tandem Gait Test are reliable in Iranian 7-10 year-old boys. Y Balance Test is reliable in 7-10 year-old Iranian children. Static balance has a significant and negative correlation with the arch of the foot in Iranian 7-10 year-old girls.
EN
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: In this article the research objectives are the rights of children deprived of liberty and suspected of having committed crimes in international and regional agreements as well as in Swedish legislations and intended to preserve the child’s dignity. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The method applied to study their dignity is, on one hand, in the context of international and regional agreements; on the other hand, in the context of Swedish legislations, which are relevant to these children. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The argument is whether in Sweden children under the age of 15 years deprived of liberty and suspected of having committed crimes are treated in a manner consistent with promoting the child’s sense of dignity during the investigation of the crime. These children are of particular interest as they are more vulnerable than adults in the same situation; the spirit of dignity should therefore be more explicitly expressed for them. RESEARCH RESULTS: The research result confirms that dignity is fundamental for the rights of children as expressed in the studied international and regional agreements and, more specifically, in the CRC Articles 37 and 40. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Swedish legislations still need improvements to preserve the dignity of children, particularly regarding the rights of children under the age of 15 deprived of liberty and suspected of having committed crimes.
EN
The history of District children´s homes in Slovakia dates back to the period of interwar Czechoslovakia. They were founded and managed by the District youth cares, overseen by the Slovak Youth Care Centre in Bratislava. During the existence of the Slovak State, these institutions represented the most important organizers and implementers of social care for children and youth. The District children´s homes formed a network of private institutional care for worthy children, they served as centres of organized family care in the district. In 1942 there were 25 of these orphanages. They accepted only healthy children, called “normal” during the period that is the subject of this paper. In the case of District children´s homes, as a principle, children were placed in them only for provisional, temporary period. Children who were explicitly abandoned belonged to the state institutional care, followed by care in foster families. Children were admitted at the request of relatives, the home village, the district court or fiduciaries based in District youth cares. Qualified educators were in charge of education in the District children´s homes.
PL
Szkicując sytuację Austrii po 1945 r. i odwołując się do filmu "Butterkinder – Überleben nach dem Krieg. Kinderverschickung aus Österreich 1945-1950" (reż. Alois Hawlik, prod. Austria –Hiszpania, 2007) autorka przypomina mało znany epizod z historii Austrii dotyczący Butterkinder, czyli dzieci wysyłanych z Austrii zaraz po wojnie za granicę, by odżywiły się i odzyskały wiarę w lepszy świat. Od 1945 r. rodziny ze Szwajcarii, Belgii, Irlandii, Danii, Holandii, Szwecji, Norwegii, Hiszpanii, Portugalii i Węgier przyjęły od 80 000 do ponad 100 000 austriackich dzieci. Niektóre z nich pozostały na zawsze u swych nowych opiekunów. Autorka zwraca uwagę, że film pokazał okres powojenny nie z punktu widzenia zwycięzców lub pokonanych, ale dzieci, i po raz pierwszy dał szansę przemówić samym – dorosłym już – „maślanym dzieciom”, przywrócił światu i samym Austriakom pamięć o tym wydarzeniu, przypominając przy okazji jedną z pierwszych powojennych europejskich akcji pomocowych, która pozostawiła ślad ponad granicami i była demonstracją europejskiej solidarności na długo przed zjednoczeniem Europy.
EN
By sketching the situation of Austria after 1945, and by referring to the film 'Butterkinder – Überleben nach dem Krieg. Kinderverschickung aus Österreich 1945-1950' (directed by Alois Hawlik) the author recalls generally little-known episode in the history of Austria concerning the Butterkinder, the children sent abroad from Austria after the war to regain their strength and faith in a better world. From 1945 onwards, families from Switzerland, Belgium, Ireland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Spain, Portugal and Hungary took in from around 80 000 to over 100 000 Austrian children. Some of them remained forever with their new guardians. The author points out that the film presents the post-war period not in terms of the winners or the losers, but from the point of view of the “butter children”, who, for the first time are given the chance to speak, and restore to the world and the Austrians the memory of this event, and recall the occasion of one of the first post-war European humanitarian actions, which left a trail across borders and was a demonstration of European solidarity long before the unification of Europe.
PL
Autorka podejmuje się próby opisu specyficznego świata filmów dziecięcych litewskiego reżysera Arūnasa Žebriūnasa. Analiza dotyczy trzech najciekawszych dzieł artysty zrealizowanych w Litewskim Studiu Filmowym: "Ostatni strzał" ("Paskutinis šūvis", 1959), "Dziewczynka i echo" ("Mergaitė ir aidas", 1964), "Ślicznotka" ("Gražuolė", 1969). Autorka ukazuje kontekst formowania się filmów w systemie ideologicznych wymogów, omawia poetycko-formalny styl wizualny filmów oraz opisuje obraz dziecka o szczególnej wyobraźni, wrażliwości i liryzmie. Dokładne przyjrzenie się filmom pozwala stwierdzić, że forma i poetycka stylistyka filmów były wynikiem nastrojów odwilżowych i estetycznych zmian formalnych w kinematografii sowieckiej, a dominujący w filmach szczególny punkt widzenia z perspektywy dziecka odsłaniał prawdy, które w inny sposób, w innej konwencji byłoby znacznie trudniej wyrazić. Symboliczny język filmów litewskiego reżysera poświadczał, że i dziecięcy bohater może być znakomitym narzędziem perswazji, metaforą współczesnych faktów dziejowych, że cechuje go tajemniczość i przynależność do kręgu mitów.
EN
The author attempts to describe the specific film world of Lithuanian children’s film director Arūnas Žebriūnas. The analysis covers three most significant works of the artist completed in the Lithuanian Film Studio: 'Last shot' ('Paskutinis šūvis', 1959), 'Girl and the echo' ('Mergaitė ir aidas', 1964), and 'Belle' ('Gražuolė', 1969). The author shows the ideological requirements which shaped the context in which the films were formed, she discusses the visual style of the films that combines poetry with formality, and describes the image of the child that is imaginative, sensitive and lyrical. Careful examination of the films leads to the conclusion that the form and style of poetic films were the result of political thaw and formal and aesthetic changes in the Soviet cinema, and that the child’s perspective that dominates in the films reveals truths, that otherwise, in another convention would be much more difficult to express. The symbolic language of the Lithuanian film director testifies that the child’s character can be a powerful tool of persuasion, a metaphor of modern historical facts, and that it is characterised by secrecy and certain mythical character.
EN
This paper aims to analyze the phenomenon of the managing of the stigma of a child’s disability by their parents. Using the concept of stigma by Erving Goffman, I point to its usefulness in understanding the management of stigma by parents of children with intellectual disabilities in the context of mixed social situations. The research utilizes qualitative techniques with special emphasis on unstructured interviews. The data analysis was performed following the procedures of the grounded theory. As studies have shown, parents of children with disabilities adopt various strategies and tactics during the encounters with other persons and institutions while dealing with everyday hardships.
EN
The activities of the so-called work with children was a part of Socialist extracurricular education which was further augmented by founding unique facilities for children of pioneer age. The paper describes the profile of selected events and their conceptual changes during the 1950s and 1960s.
EN
A foster family is a family which temporarily or permanently is looking after and is raising children which parents have limited or hung parental responsibility. It is also happening, that children of which parents were deprived are staying in a foster family of parental responsibility. Foster families are taking the special place in the care system compensating. It is one of the oldest and most popular forms of the family foster care of children. To remember also it is necessary, that the full child development can take place only in the relation of the attachment to parents or persons serving parental role. In the article presented legal new solutions since 1 January 2012.
EN
Body dissatisfaction is considered to be one of the most important risk factors for disordered eating. The role of physical activity in the context of body dissatisfaction and disordered eat-ing is by and large ambiguous, even more so in childhood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the interaction effects between physical activity and motives for exercise and body dissatisfaction on restrained eating in normal weight children. The cross-sectional analyses refer to N = 602 primary scholars (7-12 years old). Multiple stepwise regression mod-els showed that the enhancing effect of body dissatisfaction on restrained eating can be buff-ered by physical activity among boys (R2 = 0.15, F(1, 261) = 2.31, p = 0.05). Among girls, physi-cal activity in combination with body dissatisfaction increases restrained eating significantly (R2 = 0.26, F(1, 225) = 15.46, p< 0.0001). Concerning the motives for exercise, the emotional motive and the health and fitness motive in relation with body dissatisfaction significantly increase restrained eating in boys (R2 = 0.23, F(1, 181) = 6.93, p=0.05). Similarly, for girls, the emotional motive and the health and fitness motive in relation with body dissatisfaction in-crease restrained eating significantly (R2 = 0.48, F(1, 131) = 15.60, p< 0.001). Thus, the reflec-tion upon the role of physical activity and motives for exercise in young children might be an approach to preventing disordered eating in relation to body dissatisfaction.
EN
The article discusses interactivity and intermediality in the output of the Polish avant-garde artists Franciszka and Stefan Themerson. The author claims that their two-dimensional works created in the 1930s and addressed at children are early examples of interactive strategies activating young readers in search for understanding of the modern world. Non-traditional illustrations, experimental typography and texts far from ‘classical’ literature for children form inseparable verbo-visual entities (named ‘wordgraphy’) where words and images are of equal importance. What happens between the engaged media proves most interesting and most innovative.
PL
Zabawa jest czynnością wewnętrznie motywowaną, w której dziecko wyraża swoje uczucia i wewnętrzne konflikty. Zabawa pomaga dziecku zmniejszyć napięcie i przezwyciężyć sytuacje trudne emocjonalnie. Zabawa to naturalny sposób komunikacji dla dzieci, a rozmowa to naturalny sposób komunikacji dla dorosłych. W pokoju zabaw zamiast słów używa się zabawek, a dziecko może je wykorzystać do wyrażenia tego, co trudno mu powiedzieć. Celem publikacji jest krótka prezentacja terapii zabawowej skierowanej do dzieci, wyników wybranych badań na ten temat a także możliwości zastosowania takiej terapii w pracy z dziećmi z upośledzeniem słuchu.
EN
Play is an intrinsically motivated activity in which a child expresses his feelings and inner conflicts. Play helps a child to reduce tension and overcome emotionally challenging situations. Play is a natural way of communication for children as well as talking is a natural way of communication for adults. In the playroom, toys are used instead of words, and the child can use them to express what is difficult to say. Our aim is to briefly introduce the play therapy focused on children as well as the selected results of research in the given area, and outline the possibilities of using the mentioned therapy to facilitate the work with children with hearing disabilities.
EN
In Central and Eastern Europe populist regimes are attracting attention as are sult of the traumatic legacy of communism, the subsequent overburdening reforms and exhausting systemic transformation, resurgence of ever-lurking nationalism, regional conservatism, parochialism and cultural chauvinism, and/or as an example of the structural shortcomings of young democracies at the borders of civilization. The subject literature also indicates numerous and universal elements of populist governments, present as well in this part of Europe. Without prejudging the aptness and strength of these various concepts and arguments, this article is an attempt to include in these wideranging themes a particular issue that absorbs conservative populists, namely “childhood” and “children”. While the problem of children in politics has already received numerous interpretations, the importance of childhood in the right-wing populist discourse and politics has so far remained an issue discussed only occasionally. We put forward the thesis that children play an important and specific role in the right-wing populist superstructure - they constitute an illusory picture of the nation, an allegory of its renewal, as well as a convenient, though inconsistently used, instrument for achieving political, ideological and propaganda goals. Attitudes towards children can be an important characteristic of populism as such, and should be taken into account in research on the subject. We will illustrate these problems using the example of Poland and the populist Law and Justice (PiS) Party that is in power there now.
EN
Sexual needs are one of the essential needs of the human person. At least, in the course of the socialization the individual should aspire to getting the sexual satisfaction in the way adapted for the value and social norms. An unremitting demand for sexual services is an essential problem of the modern world as its demand is leading to this being provided by children.
EN
In order to understand how children learn to recognize and use humor in their own cultural environment, we have chosen to study their production in two different languages and cultures. We studied a French-speaking monolingual child and a Brazilian Portuguese-speaking child, video-recorded once a month up to seven years old. The detailed multimodal linguistic coding of our data enabled us to draw the multimodal paths the two children followed from the first instances of shared amusement initiated by the adult, expressed mainly through reactive behavior such as laughing, to the children’s own verbal production of successful humor in dialogue. Our study demonstrates that the production of children’s humor is closely linked to the family input (their micro-culture), and to children’s multimodal linguistic and meta-cognitive development. We did not observe important differences between the two children at the macro-cultural level, but there were noticeable inter-individual differences.
EN
This paper deals with the educational competence of a voluntary worker with children and youth in the domain of free time. It briefly describes problems of free time, contemporary education in the free time and further education of these workers. It also deals with the competences on the general level and their use in the educational process. It presents the suggested structure of the competences of the worker and in greater detail it develops the educational competence. It shows the results of research which dealt with the analysis and comparisons of selected structures of the educational competence. On the basis of theoretical knowledge and facts established by this research it consequently identifies main content categories of the educational competences.
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