We can observe the development of Erasmusʼs view of the Ottomans, particularly in the light of their military successes, as part of the thinking of this leading representative of Transalpine humanism, who enjoyed general respect among European monarchs in the first third of the 16th century. From the initial position of a Christian pacifist who wished to overcome the Ottomans by Christianizing them, he arrived at a conviction of the need for a military solution. Erasmusʼs work Utilissima consultatio de bello Turcis inferendo written in 1530, which is analysed in this study, is an appeal to the Augsburg Imperial Diet and to Charles V to take on the duty of the necessary defence of Europe and Christianity from the Ottomans and Islam.
The Tatars – Mongols invasion of Poland in 1241 left fundamental mark on the Polish and European’s pages of history. The heated researchers’ discussions and public debates cause difficulties in making unambiguous reenactment of the historical events from 1241. Reliable historical sources are fundamentally concentrated on the battle’s fact and Henryk Pobożny’s death. However, carrying out the battle’s circumstances and context, we may see the vision of the prince as a medieval hero, a defender of the faith and even a martyr.
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