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EN
The reflection that accompanies Christian ethics is concerned with its meaning and originality as seen against the background of various interpretations of morality. It usually includes questions about the characteristic subject matter of its inquiries, assumptions, methods, or inspirations. From the point of view of the considerations undertaken in this article, such reflection should also include the language employed by Christian ethics. In particular, this paper considers the following issues: (1) whether Christian ethics has its specific language; (2) whether it introduces new notions, or assigns specific meanings to notions already present in ethics; and (3) how ethical notions are defined in Christian ethics. These questions are addressed with reference to the philosophical system of Tadeusz Ślipko, one of the most outstanding Polish representatives of Christian ethics.
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2009
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vol. 12
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issue 2
EN
The attitude towards death and dying reflects the society’s view on a human being as a subject. Due to the progress in medical science a growing interest has been observed in the problem of death, including the right to dignified dying. One of the issues connected with the phenomenon of dying is the problem of euthanasia seen as one’s right to decide on one’s own death in extreme cases. The question of the legality of euthanasia is becoming a subject of consideration more and more often, which is a result of a celebratory culture of death and the obsolescence of faith and religious practice. The aim of the following report is to show the attitude of major religions of the world towards euthanasia. What arguments of religious nature are against the legality of mercy killing? Both Christian and non-Christian religions rise to speak on the matter. All religions stress their veto over mercy killing, justifying their view in various ways. Christians claim that God is the donor and lord of life; a man cannot decide on ending human life as he or she is only the user, not the owner of it. Judaism assumes that human life has an absolute value, is sacred, untouchable, as God’s gift. Islam, quoting Koran, also preserves life as God’s gift. According to Buddhist ethics, the annihilation of both one’s own and someone else’s life is the worst of evil deeds. Will the arguments of religious nature mean enough to stop the legality of euthanasia?
EN
In times of economic crisis Polish national thought was focussed on searching for solutions to economic problems. Its objective was to create a national economic system. In pursuit of a new “third path” for economic development, the young generation of the national camp was distinguished by the formulation of highly-original solutions. It opposed the development of industrialisation. It was thought to be essential to base the system on the model of the small farm and workshop as most appropriate and indicative of the highest financial profits in the development of the nation. The economic thought of ‘youth’ aimed at revising both the liberal and socialist order. It claimed that capitalism had had its day, whereas simple forms of management should be judged as promising. In drawing on Christian thought it was considered that that economic and social order could not be built on the pain of the people. Economic relations were supposed to be regulated in accordance with the principles of social justice. It was argued that economic life should be based on Christian ethics and culture. Economic issues presented by the ‘youth’ of the national camp were not based on material values, but spiritual, moral and ethical.
EN
Both in the past and today an act of bearing witness to faith in God through martyrdom has been a unique sign and testimony of love for Christ who himself was obedient to the Father usque ad mortem. It is at the same time a clear judgment against those cultures, which acknowledge odium fidei. In his moral encyclical Veritatis Splendor John Paul II points to several arguments in order to emphasize that the way of martyrdom has lost none of its relevance and significance for Christians nowadays. The Pope’s claim is grounded on the fact that “faith possesses a moral content” and so it is false to separate faith (credenda) from moral life (agenda) of those who believe. Consequently, in particular circumstances Christians are called to be ready to lay their lives both for love of God and acceptance of his commandments. Through imitating their Lord usque ad sanguinem his disciples demonstrate and defend their human dignity received from the Creator, the holiness of God’s law as well as the holiness of the Church.
PL
Poprzez całe dzieje chrześcijaństwa męczeństwo było szczególnym znakiem wierności wierze w Boga i wyrazem posłuszeństwa na wzór samego Chrystusa. Zarazem było i jest znakiem miłości “do końca” i sprzeciwu wobec każdej kultury, która głosi odium fidei. Jednocześnie w nauczaniu Kościoła dostrzega sie ewolucję rozumienia tego odium, które coraz szerzej obejmuje również kontekst kulturowy czy społeczny. W swojej encyklice moralnej Jan Paweł II wskazuje na kilka szczególnych argumentów na rzecz aktualności i znaczenia postawy męczeństwa, które staje na straży nie tylko samej wiary, ale również życia moralnego tych, którzy wierzą. Wiara i moralność są bowiem nierozerwalne. Stąd świadectwo męczeństwa potwierdza blask prawdy moralnej, a więc zobowiązującą wierność wymaganiom prawa moralnego wypływającym z godności osoby ludzkiej, ukazuje świętość prawa Bożego, a zarazem jawi sie jako znak świętości Kościoła.
EN
This essay traces the evolution of the attitudes of Valentin Fyodorovich Bulgakov, a Tolstoyan Christian anarchist, pacifist, and Russian emigrant, towards the institution of the state, mainly during his interwar period of exile in Czechoslovakia. Its goal is to capture the way the following influences worked together in shaping his ideological conceptions: the Russian prerevolutionary and revolutionary milieu translated into the Central European reality of a national state with a liberal democratic regime; the influence of collaboration with western European pacifist organizations; the influence of the atmosphere in an interwar Europe split into defenders and implacable opponents of the Soviet regime; and of course the influence of the social and political development of Europe between the two world wars and during the second of them. The research methodology is based in an analysis of Bulgakov’s journalistic work, organizational activities, and correspondence which is found in the materials from his written estate that are stored in the Memorial of National Literature in Prague, and the Russian State Archive of Literature and Arts in Moscow. These sources are examined in the context of the development of religiously and secularly-motivated pacifism. From the analysis, it is evident that despite his rigorous insistence of maintaining the principle of not participating in armed activities of the state in the interwar period; a time when, particularly in the 1930s, a substantial part of the pacifist contingent was inclined towards some form of armed resistance to the war, the shock of the Nazi expansion represented a turning point for Bulgakov that marked his retreat from ethical radicalism towards a more conformist defense of the purportedly peaceful politics of the Soviet Union.
EN
Ecumenical dialogue only occasionally attempted a thorough analysis of the Christian moral vision in its various traditions. Moral theology (Christian ethics), too, needs to adopt a more ecumenical stance and become more willing to enter in a mutually enriching common study of moral life. Encouraging examples of such comparative and sincere endeavours can be found in theologians like J. M. Gustafson (Protestant), J. T. Bretzke (Catholic), B. Petrà (Catholic), S. S. Harakas (Orthodox) and others. John Paul II’s major pronouncements on Christian morality (Veritatis Splendor and Evangelium Vitae) also provoked worthwhile discussions among Catholic and non-Catholic moral theologians. The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, with its Chair of Ecumenical Moral Theology, has also had its different and promising contributions to create a more ecumenically oriented moral theology.
PL
Dotychczasowy ekumeniczny dialog teologiczny rzadko podejmował głębsze studia nad Moralnością chrześcijańską w jej różnych tradycjach. Podobnie i sama teologia moralna stoi przed wezwaniem do większej otwartości na szczery i wzajemnie ubogacający dialog ekumeniczny nad życiem moralnym. Przykłady takiego nastawienia można już jednak znaleźć u takich teologów moralistów (etyków chrześcijańskich), jak np. J. M. Gustafson (protestant), J. T. Bretzke (katolik), B. Petrŕ (katolik) czy S. S. Harakas (prawosławny). Również nauczanie moralne Jana Pawła II (zawarte zwłaszcza w Veritatis splendor i Evangelium vitae) doprowadziło do cennych dyskusji między katolickimi i niekatolickimi teologami nad rozumieniem fundamentalnych czy bardziej szczegółowych zagadnień moralnych. Warto podkreślić, że także Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, zwłaszcza przez badania i dydaktykę prowadzone w Katedrze Teologii Moralnej Ekumenicznej, ma swój godny uwagi wada w tworzenie teologii moralnej ukierunkowanej bardziej ekumenicznie.
7
63%
Ethics in Progress
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2020
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vol. 11
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issue 2
9-30
EN
After the publication of Jaques Derrida’s book, L’animal que donc je suis, anti-speciesism has been looking for a theoretical foundation for its ethical content. In my opinion, the defect of all these philosophical perspectives is that they still reduce animals to objects of human philosophy. Here, I develop a new framework in which animals are considered as subjects of their own philosophy. In analogy to the concept of ethnophilosophy, the concept of speciophilosophy is here introduced (§ 1, §3). The different ways of thinking between humans and other animals are outlined, by explaining the difference between verbal reasoning and thinking through images (§ 2). Human philosophies are shown to be anthropocentric ideologies, related to carnivorism (§4, § 8). Subsequently, animal speciophilosophies are discussed (§6) and a dialogical symphilosophein (§ 5) among all living beings is proposed to be the extension of the so-called philosophy of dialogue. Finally, it is shown how this perspective was present in the original Christian ethics (§7, §9, § 10).
EN
The publication of John Paul II’s encyclical Veritatis Splendor – an official church document devoted entirely to moral matters – aroused great interest all around the world. The scope of philosophical debate focusing on the encyclical was particularly extensive in Poland. With a number of Polish Christian thinkers agreeing as to the normative content of the Catholic moral doctrine, their interpretations of its official contemporary re-announcement by the pope varied considerably. The paper presents the analysis of two opposite models of a meta-ethical reading of Veritatis Splendor – one proposed by Józef Tischner and one presented by Tadeusz Styczeń. In both interpretations the emphasis is laid on the relationship between two categories: the concept of freedom of moral subjects and the concept of the truth of value judgments, which they endorse (the concept of those judgments’ being true). By comparing both interpretive proposals one can notice the most basic differences between the two alternative ways of understanding the foundations of Christian ethics as well as seeing the principal limitations of both of them.
PL
Opublikowanie przez Papieża Jana Pawła II encykliki „Veritatis Splendor”, poświęconej w całości problematyce etycznej, spotkało się z niezwykle żywym zainteresowaniem na całym świecie. Przy niewątpliwej zgodzie szeregu polskich myślicieli chrześcijańskich co do normatywnej treści katolickiej doktryny moralnej, w przedstawionych przez nich interpretacjach oficjalnej wypowiedzi papieża uwidoczniły się jednak zasadnicze różnice. Artykuł przedstawia analizę dwóch przeciwstawnych modeli metaetycznej wykładni „Veritatis Splendor” – interpretacji zaprezentowanej przez ks. Tischnera oraz propozycji przedstawionej przez ks. Stycznia. Zarówno w jednej, jak i w drugiej propozycji interpretacyjnej, na plan pierwszy wysuwa się kwestia relacji dwóch pojęć: pojęcia wolności podmiotu moralnego, oraz pojęcia prawdy (prawdziwości) uznawanych przezeń sądów normatywnych. Zestawienie ze sobą owych propozycji pozwala uchwycić zasadnicze rozbieżności między odmiennymi ujęciami moralności chrześcijańskiej oraz wyeksponować fundamentalne ograniczenia każdego z nich.
EN
Pentecostalism is arguably the most vibrant and rapidly growing religious movement of this century, circling the globe in less than 25 years. No branch of Christianity has grown more rapidly than Pentecostalism, especially in the southern hemisphere. Characterized by speaking in tongues, miracles, television evangelism, and megachurches, it is also known for its small-group meetings, empowerment of individuals, liberation of women, and humanitarian concerns. We have to understand the origins and growth of Pentecostalism, looking at not only the theological aspects of the movement, but also the sociological influences of its political and humanitarian viewpoints.
PL
Chrześcijańskie wspólnoty charyzmatyczne stanowią prawdopodobnie najbardziej żywy i najszybciej rozwijający się ruch religijny obecnego stulecia, który ogarnął już cały świat. Żadna inna gałąź chrześcijaństwa nie rosła szybciej niż grupy zielonoświątkowe, zwłaszcza na półkuli południowej. Trzeba rozumieć genezę i rozwój ruchu zielonoświątkowego oraz dostrzegać implikacje etyczne tego procesu. Właściwa interpretacja bardzo złożonego fenomenu pentekostalizacji wymaga podejścia interdyscyplinarnego. Potrzeba diagnozy o charakterze socjologicznym czy kulturowym, ale przy głębszej analizie tego zjawiska nie może także zabraknąć wkładu poznawczego takich dyscyplin naukowych, jak filozofia religii, antropologia, etnografia, teologia, filozofia Boga czy etyka.
EN
The article is aimed at analyzing one of the crucial questions in contemporary moral philosophy: What is the ethical basis of interpersonal relations? Answers to this question usually point to one of the two extremes: personal dignity and personal autonomy. Which of them is appropriate for Christian ethics? The author refers to philosophical papers by Tadeusz Ślipko in order to find an answer to this question. In the first part, the main assumptions of his ethics are put forward. In the second part, the significance and functions of dignity are analyzed. This approach allows the application of Ślipko’s concept of personal dignity to interpersonal relations (above all: love and justice). From a Christian point of view, personal dignity is an ethical basis of all “person to person” relations, together with other moral categories like the good of the person, natural goals norms and obligations.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza etycznej podstawy relacji międzyosobowej, jako jednej z najważniejszych kwestii stawianych dzisiaj w filozofii. Istnieją dwa „ekstremalne” stanowiska w odniesieniu do tego zagadnienia: jedno wskazuje na godność osobową, a drugie na autonomię osobową. Które z nich jest właściwe dla etyki chrześcijańskiej? Szukając właściwej odpowiedzi na to pytanie, odwołano się do tekstów ks. Tadeusza Ślipki: w pierwszej części przedstawione zostały główne założenia jego etyki, w drugiej rozważania skupiły się wokół takich zagadnień, jak znaczenie, miejsce oraz funkcje godności osobowej. Rozważania te pozwoliły na określenie, jak z punktu widzenia etyki chrześcijańskiej godność wiąże się z relacjami interpersonalnymi (a przede wszystkim z miłością i sprawiedliwością). Stanowi ona postawę dla tych relacji, razem z innymi kategoriami moralnymi, takimi jak dobro osoby, naturalny cel, normy i obowiązki.
EN
The text is based on detailed interpretation of the source novels: "Kobiety i mężczyźni" by Józef Wojciechowski, "Syn znajdy" by Piotr Jaksa-Bykowski, "Pasierbowie fortuny" by Natalia Korwin-Szymanowska, "Plotka" by Marian Gawalewicz, "Matka" by Emma Jeleńska, "Zamieć w stepie" by Michał Grabowski. In addition, some novels and short stories by such authors as Adolf Dygasiński, Tadeusz Jaroszyński, Eliza Orzeszkowa, Maria Konopnicka, Ignacy Maciejowski (Sewer), Michał Bałucki were selected as a background for comparison. The article proves the following thesis: suicide in the family, or among close friends, becomes a border that makes a new stage of life difficult to bear psychologically and socially; psychologically because people cannot stand the fact that someone close to them violated the taboo, so either they go mad, or they are silenced (suffering and silence are the only one life style strategies within observed material); socially because living after the suicidal death of a member of a small community are stigmatized, partially excluded from the community, they live on the margins of social communities, become specimens/ exemplars to teach socio-moral values, and serve to strengthen the religious and social group cohesion. The trauma of the survivors after the suicide of a family member leads to the adoption of rationalising attitude consent to the judgement of fate, which one does not try to understand, or to an attitude of humility before the social community power whose rights have been ignored. Attempts to surround with love and worship the suicide are signs of the crisis of the socio-moral system based on Christian ethics (J. Wojciechowski, M. Gawalewicz, E. Jeleńska). Statistically speaking, in the novel from the 2nd half of the nineteenth century the motif of the suicidal death is still maintained as a final of the action, however, there appear some works where the suicide provides functionally a plot twist. Those works, associated with the “nervous age”, were previously seen only in the psychological and decadent perspective. The suicidal trauma forces us to recognise in them the signs of the crisis of traditional ethics.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia niektóre poglądy Stefczyka dotyczące przede wszystkim spółdzielczości w świetle Katolickiej Nauki Społecznej (KNS), zarówno „Rerum novarum” Leona XIII z 1891 r., jak i współczesnych dokumentów kościelnych, np. „Caritas in Veritate” Benedykta XVI lub przyjętego w maju br. przez papieża Franciszka „ Oeconomicae et pecuniariae quaestiones”. Spółdzielnie finansowe organizowane przez Stefczyka w XIX i XX w. osadzone były mocno na gruncie etyki chrześcijańskiej, odwoływały się do idei korporacjonizmu, solidaryzmu, dobra wspólnego, pomocniczości i – szerzej – do idei mutualizmu chrześcijańskiego. Zgodnie z nią rozwój społeczny ma polegać m.in. na budowaniu wewnątrz społeczeństwa alternatywnych instytucji społecznych i gospodarczych (w tym kas pożyczkowych, towarzystw wzajemnej pomocy, spółdzielni), tak by przynosiły one wzajemne korzyści różnym warstwom tegoż społeczeństwa. Stefczyk akcentował konieczną i możliwą współpracę pomiędzy przedstawicielami poszczególnych warstw społecznych, ich symbiozę, wzajemne braterstwo, miłość bliźniego, zdecydowanie odrzucając ideę współzawodnictwa, rywalizacji, rewolucji społecznej lub egoizmu społecznego. Podobnie jak KNS odrzucał także liberalizm oraz socjalizm. Stefczyk budował taki model organizacji gospodarczej, który wpisuje się we współczesne koncepcje rozwoju bardziej etycznej ekonomii i nowych uregulowań rynków finansowych.
EN
The article presents some of Stefczyk's views concerning above all cooperatives in the light of Catholic Social Science, both "Rerum novarum" by Leon XIII of 1891, as well as contemporary church documents, e.g. "Caritas in Veritate" by Benedict XVI or adopted in May of this year by Pope Francis "Oeconomicae et pecuniariae quaestiones". Financial cooperatives organized by Stefczyk in the 19th and 20th centuries were firmly rooted in Christian ethics, they appealed to the idea of corporatism, solidarism, common good, subsidiarity and –more broadly – to the idea of Christian mutualism. According to it, social development is to consist in building within the society alternative social and economic institutions (including loan banks, mutual aid societies, cooperatives), so that they would bring mutual benefits to various strata of this society. Stefczyk emphasized the necessary and possible cooperation between representatives of particular social strata, their symbiosis, mutual brotherhood, love of the neighbor, strongly rejecting the idea of competition, rivalry, social revolution or social egoism. Like the Catholic Social Teaching, he also rejected liberalism and socialism. Stefczyk has built such a model of economic organization, which is part of contemporary development concepts of more ethical economy and new regulations of financial markets.
PL
These reflections concern the problems discussed in the Humanae Vitae encyclical against the background of contemporary discussions about ethical maximalism and minimalism, the universal nature of moral norms, the existence of inherently evil acts, the so-called fundamental option, the specific nature of Christian ethics. On this basis, the essay then discusses issues which, while being strictly theological, have their reference to secular life, namely to fatherhood and parenthood, as the most significant, though often disregarded, issues discussed in the encyclical, a reminder of the basic truths of faith. Unless they are accepted, all topics related to marital life remain suspended in a vacuum. The encyclical shows that life is a gift from God, and not the effect of biological processes. Naturally, the latter are very important, but not essential. It therefore makes some maximal statements, showing that only this way will people be able to prove themselves as rational beings, who are responsible for and who truly love each other, rather than beings who are content to settle for less – instant gratification of their own desires. It is therefore a gross oversimplification to focus on the “detail” of the permissibility of contraception, while disregarding that which truly demonstrates the importance of the problem
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the activities of the Mount of Piety (Monti di Pietà), i.e. an institutional pawnbroker run as a charity in Europe from Renaissance times until today. The article shows the theoretical foundations of this institution, especially the importance of Franciscan thinkers, such as Bernardino of Siena, in this regard. The analyzes also cover today's activities of the Mount of Piety, which focuses on microcredit and other ethical forms of lending and investing. The article shows the development of this institution, but also the persistence of the values on which it is based.
PL
Współczesna przestrzeń medialna ze względu na pojawianie się w niej nowych technologii informacyjnych mających specyficzne cechy, potrzebuje ponownego podjęcia zagadnienia etyki mediów, szczególnie etyki dziennikarskiej. Stąd postulat infoetyki przedstawiony przez papieża Benedykta XVI. Nie jest to dziedzina nowa, ponieważ odwołuje się do Prawa Bożego i osiągnięć chrześcijańskiej etyki, także tej dziennikarskiej. Tym samym traktujemy ją jako z jednej strony etykę normatywną z warunkującymi normy wartościami, a z drugiej jako prawo moralne odwołujące się do fundamentów myśli chrześcijańskiej. Ujęta w takie ramy infoetyka dotyczy niespotykanych dotąd problemów zarówno internetu, jak i tradycyjnych mediów. Zmiany charakteru pracy dziennikarza to powód formułowania uzupełnionych kodeksów etycznych. Same zasady w nich formułowane jednak nie wystarczą. Dlatego podstawowym kryterium infoetycznym, ale także każdego postępowania etycznego, jest miłość.
EN
Due to the appearance of new information technologies which contain specific characteristics, the sphere of modern media needs to re-engage with the issues of media ethics, particularly the ethics of journalism. Therefore, Pope Benedict XVI presented a postulate on infoethics. Infoethics is not a new field, but rather, it draws on the Law of God and the achievements of Christian ethics as well as the ethics of journalism. Thus, we treat it on the one hand as normative ethics with standard values and on the other hand as moral law which draws on the foundations of Christian thought. Within this framework, infoethics concerns unprecedented problems for both the Internet and traditional media. Changes in the nature of the journalist’s work are reason for the formulation of supplemental codes of ethics. The same principles of formulation, however, are not enough. Therefore, the primary criterion of infoethics, and of all ethical conduct, is love.
EN
Due to the appearance of new information technologies which contain specific characteristics, the sphere of modern media needs to re-engage with the issues of media ethics, particularly the ethics of journalism. Therefore, Pope Benedict XVI presented a postulate on infoethics. Infoethics is not a new field, but rather, it draws on the Law of God and the achievements of Christian ethics as well as the ethics of journalism. Thus, we treat it on the one hand as normative ethics with standard values and on the other hand as moral law which draws on the foundations of Christian thought. Within this framework, infoethics concerns unprecedented problems for both the Internet and traditional media. Changes in the nature of the journalist’s work are reason for the formulation of supplemental codes of ethics. The same principles of formulation, however, are not enough. Therefore, the primary criterion of infoethics, and of all ethical conduct, is love.
EN
John Paul II’s encyclical Veritatis Splendor continues to proffer a dynamic and relevant contribution to the ethical discourse surrounding just peacemaking. Concerning the human phenomena of organized violent conflict, this article explores the textual and philosophical resources advocating restraint and recognition within Veritatis Splendor. It investigates how these two concepts might be understood within an integrative moral framework of freedom and truth, and how they locate intrinsic meaning within a variety of cultural contexts. Moreover, this article demonstrate how these two faith-informed concepts, espoused within the main conceptual tenets of the encyclical, might be harnessed in a more deliberate way in the field of moral philosophy to help facilitate more inclusive and germane strategies for normative judgments in the praxis of just peacemaking.
EN
The central metaethical contention of "Veritatis Splendor" is that an indispensable element of any plausible conception of moral agency must always be a specific notion of a moral act – an act executed by a moral agent. In my paper I focus on the way in which the interpretation of a moral act as a specific enterprise fully identifiable and determined by its clearly outlined aim (the object of an act) informs the concept of moral agency – human faculty of deliberating upon and performing moral acts. In view of the pledge made by the encyclical’s author not to “impose upon the faithful any particular theological system, still less a philosophical one” I try to demonstrate that the dependence (or perhaps interdependence) in question is of the most basic nature and can thus be construed as a key condition for a genuinely rational character of any ethical theory.
Verbum Vitae
|
2021
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vol. 39
|
issue 1
281-306
EN
The author analyzes the Pauline statements on homosexuality in 1 Cor 6:9-10 and 1 Tim 1:8-10. The examined texts are first placed in their argumentative context, with a hint at the Old Testament traditions standing behind them (Gen 1: 27-28; Exod 20:1-17; Deut 5:6-21; Lev 18:22 and 20:13). Next, the author critically presents the positions of the scholars who limit Paul’s understanding of homosexuality in 1 Cor 6:9-10 and 1 Tim 1:8-10 to pederasty and prostitution. Philological and contextual arguments of the vast majority of researchers indicate that the terms μαλακός and ἀρσενοκοίτης used by the apostle should be read as a broad critique of all kinds of homosexual acts. In the last paragraph, the author sums up the contemporary discussion on homosexuality and its interpretation in Paul, pointing to inadequate methodology, language and new hermeneutics underlying the attempts to refute the Pauline critique of homosexual acts.
PL
Autor analizuje Pawłowe wypowiedzi na temat homoseksualizmu zawarte w 1 Kor 6,9-10 oraz 1 Tm 1,8-10. Teksty te zostają najpierw umieszczone we właściwym im kontekście argumentacyjnym ze wskazaniem na inspirujące je tradycje starotestamentowe (Rdz 1,27-28; Wj 20,1-17 i Pwt 5,6-21; Kpł 18,22 i 20,13). Następnie w krytyczny sposób zaprezentowane zostają pozycje autorów, zawężających Pawłowe rozumienie homoseksualizmu w 1 Kor 6,9-10 oraz 1 Tm 1,8-10 do pederastii i prostytucji. Argumenty filologiczne oraz kontekstualne przytaczane przez zdecydowaną większość komentatorów wskazują, że użyte przez apostoła pojęcia μαλακός i ἀρσενοκοίτης należy czytać jako szeroką krytykę wszelkiego rodzaju aktów homoseksualnych. W ostatnim paragrafie autor podsumowuje toczącą się współcześnie dyskusję nad homoseksualizmem i jego interpretacją u Pawła, wskazując na nieadekwatną metodologię, język i nową hermeneutykę tkwiące u podstaw prób obalenia Pawłowej krytyki postaw homoseksualnych.
PL
Celem podstawowym gospodarki jest służba człowiekowi. Warunkiem podstawowym sprawiedliwego systemu gospodarczego jest człowiek i jego dobro. Na polu gospodarki przede wszystkim ma być wspierana i chroniona godność osoby, rodzina, wspólne dobro. Następnie nacisk ma być kładziony na okoliczności ubóstwa, ludzi znajdujących sie na marginesie społeczeństwa. Należy uświadomić sobie, iż wszyscy ludzie maja prawo do zaspokojenia swoich podstawowych potrzeb, takich jak: pożywienie, mieszkanie, zdrowie, wychowanie, praca, środowisko naturalne. Wszyscy ludzie maja, prawo do inicjatyw gospodarczych, sprawiedliwej płacy oraz zysku. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie na znaczenie oraz cel gospodarki, następnie refleksja dotycząca gospodarki rynkowej z punktu widzenia chrześcijańskiej etyki oraz aktualność braterstwa w gospodarce, na które kładzie nacisk papież Benedykt XVI w swojej encyklice społecznej.
EN
The basic objective of economy is a service to man. If economic system is to be fair it has to serve man. On the economic field the dignity of person, family and the common good has to be supported. Further attention should be paid to the circumstances of poverty, people in the periphery of society and underdeveloped groups. It should be noted that all persons have the right to satisfy basic needs regarding life such as food, housing, health, education, work and the living environment. All persons have the right to economic initiative, to fair wage, to reasonable profits. In the paper we point at the meaning and purpose of the economy, bring on the reflection on a market economy from the aspect of Christian ethics and highlight the relevance of brotherhood in the economy, highlighted by Pope Benedict XVI. in his social encyclical.
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