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Studia Ełckie
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2016
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vol. 18
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issue 1
77-90
EN
„Gazeta Wyborcza” is considered to be one of the most influential and opinion-generating Polish newspapers. Since its inception, it regularly publish-es articles on topics closely related to the Church. During the Jubilee of the Year 2000 „Gazeta Wyborcza” published 677 texts on the Church, its pastoral leaders and faithful, texts broaching issues of ethics and Christian morality. The vision of Christian morality created by „Gazeta Wyborcza” is incompatible with the interpretation of the Magisterium of the Church. The journalists take up a fight with the Church – a teacher of Christian ethical principles, especially through the use of deliberate demoralization. According to the columnists, the most respected value should be tolerance. However, this „tolerance” is – in the opinion of the journalʼs editors – an abandonment of the defence of their professed principles, as well as not giving their view point concerning good and evil. In „Gazeta Wyborcza” we find praise for a culture that believes that in vitro fertilization, abortion and euthanasia are a sign of progress and a triumph of freedom. In the Year 2000, the journalists of „Gazeta Wyborcza” devoted many publications to propagating homosexual attitudes.
EN
The aim of the present article is a presentation of Wilhelm Reich’s works as one of the most important intellectual foundations of postmodernity. Particularly the propagated by Reich sexual revolution constitutes the kernel of contemporary cultural changes in the West. An important point of reference for Reich were the revelations of Bronisław Malinowski on the sexual life of savages. These convinced Reich that there is no necessary conflict between the satisfaction of sensual desires and cultural life, as Sigmund Freud proclaimed. In order to overcome the dualism between nature and culture in the western culture Reich deconstructed the ecclesiastic image of Jesus Christ. Instead of a savior Reich suggested that one should see in Jesus a man who proclaimed reconciliation between the forces of nature and the social life. In this way Reich tried to convince that in place of ascetic moral values the ones that promote sexual liberty and individual satisfaction should be placed. I will try to demonstrate that the ideas of Reich constitute a fundamental intellectual source of the contemporary western culture.
EN
The article analyzes the perception of old age in the works by Vsevolod Solovyov, it is noted that in the interpretation of the age is of a polar nature. The writer divides the elderly sinful and righteous. Last by their virtuous lives overcome the weakness of age and actively help others. So he showed his Christian life-affirming attitude. Тhe writer managed to escape from the temptation to translate their works only in the illustration of Christian tenets.
PL
W artykule analizie poddano wizje starości obecne w prozie Wsiewołoda Sołowjowa (1849–1903), zwracając uwagę na ich dwojaki charakter. Pisarz wyraźnie dzieli starców na grzeszników i sprawiedliwych. Ci ostatni, dzięki swemu cnotliwemu życiu, pokonują słabości wieku i aktywnie pomagają bliźnim. To charakterystyczna dla twórczości Sołowjowa postawa chrześcijańskiej afirmacji życia, przy czym rosyjskiemu beletryście udało się uciec od pokusy traktowania swoich dzieł wyłącznie jako ilustracji chrześcijańskich przykazań.
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Religia według Hume’a

84%
EN
This article is an outline of David Hume’s philosophy of religion. His critical stanceon the rationality of the religious beliefs consists of two issues. First, a problem ofthe arguments for the existence of God (the cosmological argument and the argumentfrom the design) will be discussed e.i. can we infer a cause from an effect?Second, I will try to answer the question whether the religion is natural (universal andoriginal): there will be discussed the origins of religion and the issue of religion asan artificial morality. Last there will be presented some argument for the rationalityof religion on the basis of David Hume’s philosophy of religion.
EN
In his apostolic letter Pope Francis underlines indeed the connection with the statements of his predecessors, but he performs also an important paradigm shift in the tradition of the Church concerning the marriage and the family. This step allows the new approach to remarried people after the breakdown of their sacramental marriage. This paradigm shift concerns not only such situations but the marital and familial ethics as a whole. The pope encourages to respect towards the judgment of the spouses conscience and expresses his extensive skepticism towards the deductive methods in the moral considerations. In the previous Church teaching with the help of these methods,  conclusions concerning every single situation were derived from general truths. According to the Pope Francis the logics of marginalization and exclusion can no longer be the way of the Church. As the Pope says, the Church cannot throw the moral laws like stones at the people who do not follow the ideals. They should be rather invited to make next steps on the way of love, which they recognize in their conscience as an answer to the God’s call, here and now.
PL
W swojej adhortacji papież Franciszek podkreśla wprawdzie powiązanie z wypowiedziami poprzedników, dokonuje jednak w ramach tradycji Kościoła dotyczącym małżeństwa i rodziny istotnej zmiany paradygmatu. Umożliwia to nowe podejście do osób, które zawarły nowy związek po rozpadzie sakramentalnego małżeństwa. Zmiana paradygmatu dotyczy nie tylko kwestii powtórnie zaślubionych po rozwodzie, ale w ogóle etyki małżeńsko-rodzinnej. Papież zachęca do respektowania osądu sumienia małżonków, wyrażając daleko idący sceptycyzm wobec metody dedukcyjnej w kwestiach moralnych, w ramach której w dotychczasowym nauczaniu Kościoła z prawd ogólnych wyprowadzano daleko idące wnioski dla każdej pojedynczej sytuacji. Zdaniem Franciszka logika marginalizacji i potępienia nie może już określać drogi Kościoła. Nie może on rzucać moralnymi prawami jak kamieniami w życie osób, którzy nie we wszystkim są zgodni z ideałem, ale raczej powinien ich zaprosić do czynienia na drodze miłości dalszych kroków, które w swoim sumieniu rozpoznają jako tu i teraz możliwą odpowiedź na wezwanie Boże.
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2018
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vol. 8
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issue 4
491-543
EN
In the second part of the article the author draws comparison between the Stoic and Pauline notion of pneuma. First, the stoic and cognate medical views on the Spirit/spirit are presented. According to them, pneuma functions as the principle of life, cognitive entity, element binding the cosmos, responsible for unifying various bodies, and passing the image of the father on his progeny. The stoic categories and phenomenology of pneuma are then applied to Rom 8. A notorious difficulty in distinguishing between the divine and human spirit, the cognitive, life-giving and unifying faculties of pneuma bespeak the similarity between the stoic and Pauline thought. Yet, the relationship seems to be rather formal and limited to the use of the same language. Paul goes well beyond both the stoic and Jewish concepts of pneuma, presenting the Spirit as introducing the believers into the community with God, enabling them to imitate Jesus, granting the life of resurrection, interceding for Christians and making them brothers and sisters. Two more functions of the Spirit, his abiding in the believers and his ability to imprint in them God’s image, open more promising venues for comparison between Paul and the stoics. The stoic idea of krasis and popular philosophical and medical views on procreation may help to understand how Paul and his audience imagined the Sprit dwelling in Christians and making them conform to the image of Christ. The article ends with a reflection on the applicability of the stoic notions of pneuma  to Rom 8.  
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