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EN
This article analyses the concept of work of Bernard of Clairvaux and also deals with the relationship between physical and mental work in the monastic milieu (vita activa and vita contemplativa), practical activity and inner rest. The author first turns to the beginnings of monastic tradition and Augustine's treatise De opere monachorum, which established a positive evaluation of physical work in monasticism. She then presents an approach to these subjects in Benedictine Rule as the central and normative text of Western monasticism. After an evaluation of various treatises of Bernard of Clairvaux (especially his Apologia ad Guillelmum abbatem and sermons) she comes to the conclusion, that although Bernard primarily promotes the contemplative way of monastic life, he also places a substantial emphasis on physical work, and thus understands both ways as complementary and necessary in the monastic community.
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Ota Durynský, Zbraslavský opat a kronikář

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EN
Otto of Thuringia, abbot of Zbraslav and chronicler: The text deals with Otto of Thuringia, abbot of the cloister of Aula Regia in Zbraslav and one of the authors of the chronicle Chronicon Aulae Regiae. Unlike the second author, Peter of Zittau, Otto of Thuringia is relatively little known. The article summarizes information on the life of this prelate and his part in the Chronicon Aulae Regiae.
EN
The library of the Mogiła abbey is the most valuable monastic library in Poland. Over the centuries, thanks to the excellent education and bibliophylic passion of the Mogiła abbots, numerous incunabula and later works were gathered here, particularly works in the areas of religion, history and politics.From the XII to the XVII century the library was utilized as a scientific workshop for many scholars from Mogiła among whom were many lecturers in the Cracow Academy as well as scholars of international reputation, for instance, James from Paradyż. Inventory preserved from 1664 and 1668 reveal that the monastery library held less than one thousand works with the vast, majority by excellent authors and very precious, with the competence acquired by the cistercians, among them especially by John Taczel, Erazma Ciołek, Marcin Białobrzeski and Paul Piasecki. During the century as the consequence of natural disasters, wars and the collection passion of the clerical and secular dignitaries in the XVIII century, its collection was gravely reduced but still qualifies as one of the most significant and well-equipped monastic libraries in Poland.
EN
After the events of 1577, when the Oliwa convent was destroyed by the Gdańsk units, Cistercians from Gdańsk made an effort to reconstruct it. The central figure in the process of reconstruction was Filip Adler (died 1630), Oliwa’s prior, the author of the Oliwa chronicle describing the events from the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. The basis of the reforming activities of Filip Adler was the establishment of close cooperation with the Abbey of Cistercians in Clairvaux in Champagne, the head of which was Denis Largentire (died 1624). The latter started the reformatory movement in the Order of Cistercians, after it had been weakened at the turn of the Middle Ages and the early modern period. Filip Adler turned out to be a loyal partner of Denis Largentier. He visited France at least four times, taking part in general chapters of the Order, which took place in Cîteaux. He also visited Claivaux, from where he brought not only books but also brothers, who were to help in the spiritual rebirth of Oliwa. A union between the two convents was formally established on the strength of the act of 20 March 1601, which was a natural conclusion of the cooperation between Oliwa and Clairvaux. The act establishing the union is kept in the Archive of the Department of Aube (Troyes, France), and its undeniable value is proved by the fact that it was signed by 43 members of the Oliwa convent.
PL
The collection of manuscripts at the Cistercian library in Szczyrzyc amounts to 100 volumes, including four medieval codices dated between 1460-1494; 12 manuscript books dated to the 17th century; 57 dated to the 18th century, and 27 manuscripts dated to the 19th century. Most of them are textbooks, copies of theological, philosophical and legal treatises, works on rhetoric, liturgy, world history, mathematics and herbal medicine, as well as books of homilies for special occasions and feasts. The collection of manuscripts at the monastery in Szczyrzyc is mostly a functional one – it was used by the monks to study and broaden their philosophical, theological, legal and liturgical knowledge. Several codices contain the texts of homilies delivered at various churches on feast days and solemnities, written down by the monks of Szczyrzyc. The surviving codices are bound in simple covers made of damaged folios taken out from liturgical codices, including antiphonaries and graduals. Considering the small number of surviving books, it is difficult to discuss the interests or influences of particular authors and their works on the intellectual level of the religious community of Szczyrzyc.
EN
This study discusses utilisation of the complex of the former Cistercian abbey in Plasy during the second half of the 20th century on the basis of published and unpublished sources and specialist literature. The introduction provides information about the historic development of the complex until 1945 when the estate belonging to the Metternich family was nationalised. It then outlines use of the buildings of the complex after the end of the Second World War and particularly after the communist coup d’état in 1948.
EN
The article discusses the function of the oldest conventual seal of the Cistercian abbey in Krzeszów. Based on the fullest possible source material, the circumstances around the introduction of the seal into the abbey are presented. The significance of the image on the seal and the most probable source of inspiration for the creation of this image are examined. The role of the seal of the Krzeszów convent in the documents issued in the abbey is also discussed, along with the chronology of the seal’s use.
EN
This article is about conservational and study works on the enclosure of an old cystercian abbey in Krzeszów, that were made after the Second World War. Post-war history of conservation of this monument exhibits two periods. The first one covers 50 post-war years, where only routine maintenance was done. The latter period began at the beginning of the XXI century. Since then fragments of the building were renovated piece by piece. Current cultural and touristic needs were taken into consideration.Revalorization of Krzeszów Abbey in years 2007-2008 and since 2014 revealed the basements and relicts of the groundfloor of the south and west wings of the complex. At the same time the architectural studies were made, resulting in new conclusions of transformations of this building.
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania jest próba charakterystyki polityki prowadzonej przez zakon krzyżacki (niemiecki) wobec klasztorów na Pomorzu Gdańskim w pierwszej połowie XIV w. W dotychczasowych ocenach tradycyjnie wskazywano na konsekwentnie stosowane ograniczenia odnośnie do fundacji klasztorów mniszych w Prusach i dążenie zakonu niemieckiego do poddania ścisłej kontroli wszystkich zgromadzeń posiadających swoje siedziby na Pomorzu Gdańskim. W artykule wskazano przede wszystkim na dwa czynniki mające wpływ na relacje zakonu niemieckiego z klasztorami na Pomorzu Gdańskim, to jest na proces implantacji klasztorów i terytorializacji urzędów zakonu niemieckiego na Pomorzu Gdańskim. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że relacje zakonu niemieckiego z klasztorami na Pomorzu Gdańskim były nie tyle następstwem konsekwentnie realizowanej przez niego polityki, ale raczej wypadkową wielu czynników, wynikających z sytuacji panującej w danym zgromadzeniu zakonnym (cystersi) i odnośnie do konkretnego klasztoru (przy kład dominikanów w Gdańsku). Przy czym zakon niemiecki występował zazwyczaj jako władca terytorialny, potwierdzający transakcje kupna–sprzedaży względnie nadania lub zamiany dóbr oraz jako arbiter w sporach z innymi instytucjami (z władzami miejskimi). Funkcję taką pełnili miejscowi komturzy lub sam wielki mistrz zakonu. Udział tego ostatniego był zazwyczaj związany z potrzebą ogólnej regulacji, jak w przypadku generalnej konfirmacji dla dóbr klasztoru w Oli wie i Żarnowcu dokonanej przez wielkiego mistrza Ludolfa Königa. Ogólnie, wzajemne relacje zakonu z klasztorami były poprawne, jeśli nie wręcz dobre. Trzeba też podkreślić, że stanowisko zakonu niemieckiego wobec klasztorów na Pomorzu Gdańskim było elementem szerszej polityki kościelnej prowadzonej na tym terenie także wobec biskupa włocławskiego i arcybiskupa gnieźnieńskiego.
EN
The objective of this article was to present assets of Cistercians in Mogiła (village of Mogiła), in the form of four villages, which are located with in the limits Duchy of Zator, second half 13th century the first half of the 17th century. In the first part was presented and spoken all villages, which have Cistersians of the Duchy of Zator. Then the issue patronage Woźniki church in the village. Here was also raised the issue of churches located in other villages monastery in the said principality. In the last part of this article is the property of land monastery in the villages. With the help of tables has been presented the peasant population, the farm steads, live stock, as well as a list of water-mill, distilleries, breweries, inns and the joints. Amount of the population peasant, as well as the number of farm breeding, administration has helped to assess their prosperity and the development of every village, each one individually. In addition, such a way as to provide the information he can compare them. On this basis, it can be concluded, there fore, that the most profitable village in Duchy of Zator were Woźniki. Used source material allowed to display positive parties arising out of the ownership by the monks in the above the village. The stage of development farm steads in this area was closely linked to geographical conditions. It should be stressed here a significant role river Skawa, which created favourable conditions for fitting cistercians water-mills. In addition, monks diminished by development of various sectors of the economy, especially its own. This was to act in the above villages, inns, distillery, brewery or joints. Foster the development of, inter alia, orcharding, horticulture, fisheries. In addition download earliest references from every village collected rent. Villages, which monks previously acquired Duchy of Zator were an integral part of their assets by the end of first half of the seventeenth century.
EN
The monastery and palace complex in Lubiąż is a magnificent example of Baroque art in Lower Silesia and part of the highest quality European cultural heritage. It owes its glory to the Cistercians. However, over the last two hundred years, the condition of the buildings has gradually deteriorated, with the Second World War and the post-war period being particularly destructive. Today, various forms of promotion are sought to save the Lubiąż Abbey; these include commercial and cultural events like the Electrocity Festival or concerts during the Wratislavia Cantans Festival. A question arises whether these events can have any major impact on the restoration of the site. Is there a link between them and the development of tourism in Lubiąż? The author’s reflections are based on an analysis of the available source information, on a free-form interview with the President of the Lubiąż Foundation, and on a survey performed among the participants of the Electrocity Festival held in the former Cistercian Abbey. In addition, the article demonstrates the value of the historic monument of Lubiąż and of its Cistercian heritage.
EN
Each order has its own history of creation, and new rules or regulations are introduced. Most religious are perceived as clergy who, by joining a given congregation through their lives and activities, try to be closer to God and want to go towards it. The Cistercian Order helps by strict adherence to the rules of Saint Benedict, simplicity, poverty, work, and constant approach to Christ through asceticism, chastity, obedience, silence, community of life anddevotion to the Mother of God. Through their lives and missionary activities, they contributedto the development of education, music and architecture. In their actions, they emphasized in particular the integration and development of the human person. It should be mentioned that the motto that has accompanied and is still very important in the life of monks is: Ora et labora, which is translated as: „Pray and work”. The slogan is argumentation in terms of work and prayer is extremely important and should be kept between these prices. In addition, by fulfilling their duties, the monks helped the community that was outside the walls of the monastery. Realizing their ministry, the Cistercians met people who were „unfaithful”. By their actions in currencies with quotas, they often became the guardians of recently established knight orders, but also attempts were made to convert them. The Cistercian archiopathy in Jędrzejów in its history struggled with events that were unfavorable for development, for example: famine, Mongol invasion, Swedish deluge, partition of Poland, fires, or even the period of the Duchy of Warsaw. These circumstances caused: many people died, documents were destroyed, valuables of the abbey were robbed, the number of monks decreased, the property of monks was sold and economic development collapsed. However, the Cistercians take action every time. The aim of the paper is to present the genesis of bringing the Cistercians to Polish lands and their settlement in Jędrzejów. Moreover, when discussing the aforementioned order, one cannot ignore the historic organs and the activities they conduct. For this purpose, the author analyzes, first of all, the history and activities of the Cistercian Order in Jędrzejów.
EN
In Koprzywnica of the Old Polish period, sources record the functioning of three churches dedicated to All Saints, St Leonard, the Holy Spirit, and the monastery church of St Florian. The oldest was the parish church of All Saints, which served the local parish until 1821. After renovation in the 19th century it became a chapel. Only since 2000 has it become a parish church again. St. Florian’s church served the Cistercians who were brought to Koprzywnica in 1185, and after their dissolution it was transformed into a parish church. The other two were liquidated: St Leonard's in the 16th century and the Holy Spirit's at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
PL
W Koprzywnicy okresu staropolskiego źródła odnotowują funkcjonowanie czterech kościołów pod wezwaniem: Wszystkich Świętych, św. Leonarda, Ducha Świętego oraz klasztorny św. Floriana. Najstarszym był parafialny pw. Wszystkich Świętych, który służył lokalnej parafii do 1821 r. Po renowacji w XIX w. został kaplicą. Dopiero od 2000 r. na nowo stał się świątynią parafialną. Kościół pw. św. Floriana służył sprowadzonym do Koprzywnicy w 1185 r. cystersom, zaś po ich kasacie został przemianowany na parafialny. Dwa pozostałe zostały zlikwidowane: św. Leonarda w XVI w., zaś Ducha Świętego na początku XIX w. Artykuł ukazuje stan kościołów oraz duchowieństwo koprzywnickie na przełomie XVIII/XIX wieku.
EN
The article deals with two topics. In the first part, it follows the personnel policy of the Cistercian Order in Bohemia, namely using the examples of the monasteries of the order’s line coming from the monastery of Waldsasson, on which he shows how this policy was systematic. The order sought prospective members, raised them and subsequently placed them in necessary positions. In the second part, the text deals with the question of whether the abbots Dietrich of Waldsassen, Heidenreich of Sedlec and Konrad of Zbraslav came to the court of Wenceslas II at the end of the 1280s to support Habsburg interests here. The consideration that they could serve at the sovereign court as allies of Queen Judith against Záviš of Falkenštejn, remains only a hypothesis.
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Cisterciáci a historická kultura ve středověku

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EN
The Cistercians and the culture of history in the Middle ages: The author deals with the birth of written culture, especially historiography, of the Cistercians in the Western Europe during the High Middle Ages. Despite the radical refusal of education and the ban on writing books in the Cistercian Order, its origins go back to time not too distant from the Order‘s beginning. Particularly, the author follows the Cistercian documents from the Czech lands, which were written at the time when the Order has abandoned the initial strict policies.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono obraz duchownych i ich charakterystyki obecne na kartach „Kroniki oliwskiej”. Cezurę końcową opracowania stanowi przełom XIII/XIV w., do końca rządów opata Rudigera. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że źródło to jest niezwykle oszczędne w opisie postaci ze środowiska duchowieństwa. Kronikarz unika podawania bliższych informacji na temat mnichów oliwskich. W Kronice brak też wzmianek o Gdańsku i jego duchowieństwie. Co ciekawe, w jego opisach przywołanych postaci, pojawiają się też błędy rzeczowe. Przedstawione w artykule zagadnienie wymaga dalszych badań dla okresu pierwszej połowy XIV w.
EN
This study looks at the description of the clergy in the Cistercian Oliwa Chronicle. The study covers only the period up to the turn of the XIII / XIV century, including the rule of the abbot Rudiger. The analysis of the chronicle’s content shows it to be extremely sparing in detail concerning the clerical environment. The chronicler even avoids giving much information about the monks of Oliwa. There is no mention of Gdańsk or the clergy from this city in the chronicle. Interestingly, there are errors in the descriptions of the mentioned clergy. The problem presented in the paper requires further research including also analysis of further content of the chronicle from the first half of the 14th century.
PL
Publikacja stara się przybliżyć postać zapomnianego, a raczej zapominanego przez historiografię badacza dziejów i kultury opactwa cysterskiego w Oliwie. Ma ona stanowić element przygotowywanej przez Autora biografii historyka oraz element przygotowywanego wydawnictwa źródłowego, którego celem jest udostępnienie szerszemu gronu badaczy rękopisów Aleksandra Lubomskiego, dotyczących opactwa oliwskiego, które niezwykle rzadko są wykorzystywane przez historyków, zwłaszcza młodszego pokolenia. Postać badacza i jego rękopiśmienny dorobek jest ukazany na tle rozwoju historiografii polskiej 2. poł. XX w., ze zwróceniem uwagi na jej niedociągnięcia w zakresie postrzegania mniej znanych historyków, którzy jednak oddali całe serce i swoje zdolności przybliżeniu dziejów i kultury Oliwy.
EN
The publication tries to present the figure of a forgotten, or rather forgotten by historiography, researcher of the history and culture of the Cistercian Abbey in Oliwa. It is to be an element of a biography of the historian and an element of a source publication that is to make available to a broader community of researchers A. Lubomski’s manuscripts on Oliwa Abbey, which is very rarely explored by historians, especially those of the younger generation. We show the figure of the historian and his manuscripts on the background of Polish historiography of the second half of 20th century, drawing attention of the reader to its deficiencies in terms of its perception of less known historians who, however, put all their hearts and talents to introducing the history and culture of Oliwa.
EN
In July 1999, during the reconstruction of the Baroque cupolas of the church towers in the former Cistercians Abbey in Ląd nad Wartą, two copper gilded spheres were disassembled. The following items were found inside the spheres: files of documents written on handmade paper, relics of the bones of the Magi and St. Dionysius inserted in paper packets and a silk pouch, and fragments of the Agnus Dei of Pope Innocent XI. Since the deposits were very poorly preserved, they had to undergo conservation. Having been conserved and appropriately protected, both the documents and relics were deposited in the Archive of Higher Seminary of the Salesians of Don Bosco in Ląd nad Wartą. The documents found in the spheres contained an outline history of the abbey and the founding document of the copper cupolas planted on the towers on 13 June 1720, as well as a list of the Ląd Abbey monks and guests attending the event. The cupolas were founded by Abbot Mikołaj Antoni Łukomski. Both the holy relics and the Agnus Dei medallion fragment were placed in the tower cupolas to protect the church and the abbey from disasters, especially fire, lightening strikes, and floods.
EN
The musical collection of the Lubiąż Cistercians, currently kept in the Department of Music Collections of the University Library in Warsaw, contains two autograph scores of Johann Alois Lamb, a Czech composer active in the second half of the 18th century in Vrchlabí. Sources with his works were copied for many ensembles in Bohemia and Silesia, but the two works preserved in the Cistercian collection have remained unknown to scholars studying Lamb’s oeuvre and are not listed in the thematic catalogue of the composer’s works. The autograph scores in question add to the existing body of knowledge of J. A. Lamb’s oeuvre and at the same time are his earliest dated compositions. In the article the author presents hypotheses concerning the early period in the composer’s life. A biography of J. A. Lamb’s based on a thorough analysis of sources and dispersed musical items was published in 2014 by the Czech scholar Jakub Michl. In the light of his research the first few years of Lamb’s activity, before 1776, are unknown. No documents or musical manuscripts have been preserved in his hometown of Vrchlabí. Perhaps the mystery can be solved by four manuscripts signed Johannes Lamb from the collection of the Lubiąż Cistercians. Having analysed these manuscripts as well as sources dealing with the Czech composer’s life (described in J. Michl’s monograph), the present author suggests that J. A. Lamb spent his youth in the Cistercian monastery in Lubiąż, where he received musical and elementary education. The two Masses were probably composed when Lamb was still in Lubiąż. The article contains a discussion of all sources associated with Lamb and kept in the Cistercian collection in Lubiąż.
EN
The most unusual architectural feature of the Cistercian abbey in Henryków is the asymmetrically situated tower from 1608. It was erected by the foundation of abbot Nicolaus Hibner, placing the whole figure epitaph of the founder on it. The inscriptions included comment on the sense of the creation through the fragmenst of travesty of Psalm 26 and Proverbs of Solomon. In the light of above, the tower can be interpreted in the eschatological context associated with the memory of the abbot-founder, but also in the socio-political structure of the Duchy of Münsterberg (Duchy of Ziębice). The rank of the convent was based on the grants, privileges and their confirmations achieved through the centuries; inevitably, it was anchored in the near or distant past. Built in after Trident era, Gothic in its expression, the tower – the eternal symbol of power and security – stands as a monumental artistic parallel of those anchored in the medieval past grants. The comparison with the drawings from 1486 indicates that the facade of the abbatial church, enriched with a tower and domed vestibule from 18th century, could have been formed over many decades in reference to the temple concealing the tomb of Lord. The literary (historiographical) legacy provides several examples of identifying of Cistercians, also those from Henryków, with the Chosen People. The references to the Jerusalemite topography can be found on the epitaphs of two 16th century Cistercians from Henryków. Concerning the church in Henryków as such, there are not as legible, however, there must be drawn a question about the shape of medieval chapel of st. James, situated on the axis of the temple, which from 1760–1762 was replaced with elliptical chapel of st. Mary Magdalene, in which the medieval tomb of abbey benefactors was placed – The Duke Bolko and his wife Judith (Jutta).
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