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Attachment to the city

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EN
In the era of globalization throwing new light on the issue of the territorial attitude of social bonds and the social solidarity, determination of factors which are essential in the process of creation of the bonds of the individuals with their places of residence seems to be very interesting. The problem of the bonds of individuals with the territory grows in importance especially with reference to the urban environment which is much more receptive to occurring transformation. The main goal of the article is the presentation of prevailing types of the attachment of residences to their area of living as well as definition of the correlates of their occurrence in the investigated community of Łódź residences.
EN
Nowadays, the issue of cities and their functions is an important topic in urban studies in geography, architecture, sociology, and, psychology. The social perception and the interpretation of material forms is what the city is for people, and what function it fulfi ls for them is particularly important. The aim of this study was to investigate the subjective perception of the city’s functions for the people living there. The article conducted research on a group of 228 subjects. The study qualitatively analysed the respondents’ free expressions. The results showed that the city is frequently seen as a learning and work center, a place for meetings, entertainment, cultural events, and as a place of residence. The city also has many psychological functions related to a person’s identity, sense of attachment, the home, the little country, development, being brought up as a child, growing up, and going into society. Some respondents pointed to the city’s negative functions or to its lack of them. Women more often than men perceived the city as a place of rest and recreation, to learnand work, to development oneself, or to socialize, while men more often perceived it as without any functions or a negative place.
EN
The paper presents some considerations about the market incentives for regional development. Its main objective is to identify the determinants of undertaking the implementation of good changes in larger areas, which are inspired by the demand for specifi c small place offers. This refers to regional conditions and needs, which are satisfi ed by urban areas. In central part of paper the list of factors was created, infl uenced on demand for the city products and over-local relations. The main thesis postulates the regional co-operation to summing the demands for products of different urban places, which can effect minimizing confl icts among cities in the region and generate more attractive regional offers. The case of that analytic approach is the comparison of Silesian cities inhabitants opinions with declarations about regional development strategic orientations in “Silesian Region Development Strategy ŚLĄSKIE 2020+”.
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EN
The purpose of this article has been to present the history of the Polish National Cittaslow Network, to discuss its development and to draw the attention to the diversity of network member cities. The authors emphasise the fact that the Polish National Cittaslow Network is developing very dynamically, and is the second largest network of Cittaslow in the world. Today, it is composed of 28 cities, of which 20 lie in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship. Other two centers are currently in the process of joining the network. The member cities are diverse in terms of their size as well as environmental or cultural assets. They are also diverse in terms of the level of socio-economic development. There are such cities in the network whose level of entrepreneurship, measured by the number of private sector businesses per 1,000 residents, is much higher than the average for the whole network (Rzgów, Murowana Goślina), but there are also cities with a very low level of entrepreneurship (Rejowiec Fabryczny, Jeziorany). Despite the differences, the cities associated in the network share the same concept and pursue shared aims in order to improve the quality of life for their inhabitants. They are proponents of implementing pro-social and pro-environmental measures, while striving to preserve the unique character of each of these cities.
EN
Post-1990, urbanisation in Poland took on new forms and features not very clearly on display in urban space before that time. Alongside a dynamic process of suburbanisation encompassing ever-greater areas around large cities, there has also been a phenomenon attesting to the occurrence of similar trends of the expansion of built-up areas with urban functions into areas around small and medium-sized urban centres. Taking shape are new wedges of urban construction pushing their way into suburban and rural areas. These are arising along access roads leading between the smaller cities and the large regional centres. It is not only services and industry that are located along these (as was shown in the classical model after Hoyt), since there are also estates of single-family or multi-family housing. The aim of the work described here has thus been to analyse the processes referred to as they are exemplified by the Polish towns or cities of Płock, Siedlce and Puławy. The comparative method deployed in this work is to lead to a proposal for a model of the development of Poland's urban centres of medium size.
EN
The main subject of the article is Cittaslow network bringing together small and medium-sized cities (up to 50 000 inhabitants). Cittaslow is an international organization that has chosen the goal of improving the quality of life for residents, businesses and visitors from small towns. The towns focus on economic development while respecting the environment, promotion of regional products and a return to traditional craft. Activating social participation of citizens is also a crucial aspect, because Slow Cities are meant to be the strong local communities. The paper shows the main objectives of this international network, and based on research conducted from 2009 on Polish towns presents how the movement has been implemented in Poland. At the end, I try to answer whether, and if so, under what conditions it is an attractive alternative to the development of small towns in Poland.
EN
The changing of small Polish cities included of level and quality of their inhabitants At the same time there are differently by regional section. The purpose of the article is a description of the demographic structures of the population in these areas according to their number of inhabitants and the analysis of demographic processes affecting their shape in 2010.
EN
Abstract. The analysis of time-space coordinates of an artistic work. in the circle of scientific interests of literary critics, is increasingly being analyzed from the second half of the twentieth century. M. Bakhtin's term for introduction to the interconnection of time and space coordinates of an artistic product today encompasses wider spectra of philological analysis of the text. After all, the chronotope is functionally associated with such concepts as plot and genre (plot-based and genre-specific functions), semantics of the text, mythopoetics, etc. Universals like "man", "time", "space" are necessary attributes of the semantic space of artistic text, since these categories organize the text (they perform the text-creation function). . In the article the author considers the key plot chronotopes - the chronotope of the meeting, the chronotope of the road, which is modified by the author - K. Trukhanovsky - into the chronotope of the labyrinth. The latter acquires specific features in the novel. The writer applied to mythologization and the magic properties of time-space measurements in the novel. Mythological and literary traditions are superimposed, as a result of which the author creates a complicated model of a labyrinthine novel. K. Trukhanovsky immerses the protagonist in the world of masks, forcing him to travel through the labyrinth of both his own soul and the quaint world of the City into which he falls.
EN
On the basis of two indecidable texts (Thomas Clerc, “Paris, musée du XXIe siècle. Le dixième arrondissement”, Gallimard 2007 and Philippe Vasset, “Un livre blanc”, Fayard 2007), we will reflect on new approaches to the city in contemporary French litterature. Clerc and Vasset, in their respective texts, suggest considering litterature as a series of practices connected with the exploration of the city (Clerc) and of the urban area (Vasset) according to the idea of an arbitrary itinerary. The image of the city whose space, subject to a permanent process of museifi cation, is constantly considered to be a work of art (Clerc) contrasts with a project of viewing the deserted areas of the city and of its surroundings as an infinite collection of “artistic installations” created in daily life (Vasset). Clerc’s and Vasset’s artistic mentality leads them to the fascination with “works of involuntary art”, both concrete signs and tangible proof of the transitional period which they try to describe systematically, following, at the same time, the principles of an axonometric city map.
FR
On the basis of two indecidable texts (Thomas Clerc, “Paris, musée du XXIe siècle. Le dixième arrondissement”, Gallimard 2007 and Philippe Vasset, “Un livre blanc”, Fayard 2007), we will reflect on new approaches to the city in contemporary French litterature. Clerc and Vasset, in their respective texts, suggest considering litterature as a series of practices connected with the exploration of the city (Clerc) and of the urban area (Vasset) according to the idea of an arbitrary itinerary. The image of the city whose space, subject to a permanent process of museification, is constantly considered to be a work of art (Clerc) contrasts with a project of viewing the deserted areas of the city and of its surroundings as an infinite collection of “artistic installations” created in daily life (Vasset). Clerc’s and Vasset’s artistic mentality leads them to the fascination with “works of involuntary art”, both concrete signs and tangible proof of the transitional period which they try to describe systematically, following, at the same time, the principles of an axonometric city map.
EN
This paper aims to initially evaluate the socio and economic resilience of small and medium sized town in Poland made in the context of hybridization of development. The article refers to the issues of development of small and medium sized towns as well as to the urban resilience concept recognized in the attributes approach. Empirically, an initial assessment of resilience was carried out for all towns up to 100,000 residents in Poland using quantitative methods based on indicators of dynamics. Then, using cluster analysis along with the Euclidean distance the paper presents its findings in spatial dimension. The results indicate a very high level of differentiation in socio and economic urban resilience of the surveyed towns. The dynamics of their development is highly unbalanced, while the overall picture of resilience of the examined towns indicates a hybrid pattern of their development.
EN
The essay focuses on Milo De Angelis’s poetic work, underlying his representation of the city of Milan as a tragic and mythic place, crossed by threatening energies on the basis of which the author emphasizes his dramatic tension with reality.
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Przywiązanie do miasta

75%
PL
W dobie procesów globalizacji, rzucających nowe światło na kwestię terytorialnych postaw społecznej solidarności, interesującym wydaje się określenie czynników, które posiadają decydujące znaczenie w kształtowaniu więzi jednostki z jej miejscem zamieszkania. Problematyka więzi z terytorium nabiera szczególnego znaczenia zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do środowiska miejskiego, w dużo większym stopniu podatnego na zachodzące zmiany. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest wskazanie dominujących typów przywiązania mieszkańców do swojego miasta oraz określenie korelatów ich występowania w badanej zbiorowości mieszkańców Łodzi.
EN
In the days of globalization throwing new light on the issue of the territorial attitude of social bonds and the social solidarity, determination of factors which are essential in the process of creation of the bonds of the individuals with their places of residence seems to be very interesting. The problem of the bonds of individuals with the territory grows in importance especially with reference to the urban environment which is much more receptive to occurring transformation. The main goal of the article is the presentation of prevailing types of the attachment of residences to their area of living as well as definition of the correlates of their occurrence in the investigated community of Lódz residences.
PL
Współczesne miasta Górnego Śląska charakteryzuje obecność dwóch uspołecznionych form przestrzeni o biegunowo odmiennej specyfice. Są to stare i nowe osiedla zamknięte. Pierwsze z nich to tradycyjne familoki oraz osiedla epoki industrialnej. Drugie to zamknięte przestrzenie rodzącej się klasy średniej. Z jednej strony mamy zatem getta biedy, z drugiej getta bogactwa. Getta biedy powstały w wyniku zewnętrznej ekskluzji oraz auto-zamykanie się mieszkańców na szanse jakie oferuje świat zewnętrzny. Specyfiką górnośląskich gett biedy jest swoista wspólnota – wspólnota kryzysu. Łączy ona odrzuconych przez otaczającą ich rzeczywistość, która lepiej zaadoptowała się do nowych warunków. Getta biedy charakteryzuje homogenizacja społeczna, czyli wspólny scenariusz codzienności ich mieszkańców decydujący o jednolitości i spoistości grupy. Getta biedy powstające w sąsiedztwie zamykanych hut i kopalń poddają się coraz wyraźniejszej destrukcji samych osiedli oraz pogłębiającej się marginalizacji zamkniętych w nich ludzi. Getta bogactwa (gated communites) trudno jest scharakteryzować ponieważ dopiero się tworzą ale już dziś stanowią ekskluzywne przestrzenie miejskie. O ich istocie stanowi przede wszystkim ekskluzja wewnętrzna czyli wycofywanie się ich mieszkańców z życia szerszej wspólnoty. Getta bogactwa odróżnia od gett biedy ich heterogeniczna natura, która wynika z faktu silnego wewnętrznego zróżnicowania rodzącej się w Polsce klasy średniej. Rytm życia tych ludzi, rozkład ich codziennych obowiązków czy formy spędzania czasu wolnego znamionują ich głębokie różnice. Zamykanie się w gettach bogactwa do przede wszystkim poszukiwanie bezpieczeństwa i spokoju, jak również namiastka wspólnotowego życia. Dwie skrajnie odmienne przestrzenie miejskie będą nadal tworzyć ikonosferę śląskich miast. Intuicyjnie można wnioskować, że getta biedy będą przeobrażać się w siedlisko underclass a getta bogactwa uszczelniać swoją wyobcowaną wyniosłość.
EN
The presence of two various socialized forms characterizes contemporary cities in Upper Silesia. These are old and new closed housing estates. The first ones are commonly known as 'familok' and industrial housing estates. The second ones are closed areas of rising Polish middle class. Thus, on the one hand we have ghettos of poverty, on the other ghettos of riches. The ghettos of poverty resulted from the outside exclusion and closing of the residents for the possibilities which the outside world offers. The characteristic feature of ghettos of poverty in Upper Silesia is a specific community - community of crisis. This community connects people who have been rejected by the surrounding reality. The reality which adopted itself to new conditions better. The ghettos of poverty are characterized by social homogenization that is a common screenplay of the resident's everyday reality which decides on the group's uniformity and cohesion. The ghettos of poverty, established in close vicinity of steelworks and coal-mines which are being closed currently, are subject to a destruction of housing estates and deepened marginalization of its residents. It is difficult to characterize the ghettos of riches (gated communities) because they are establishing currently, yet these are exclusive city areas today. Their specific feature is an internal exclusion, that is withdrawing of their residents from the life of a community. The ghettos of riches differ from the ghettos of poverty in their heterogeneous nature which results from a strong internal diversity of a rising Polish middle class. The lifestyle of these residents, every day responsibilities and ways of spending free time emphasize the difference. The closing in the ghettos of riches is, first of all, looking for safety and peace as well as a substitute of community life. These two extremely different kinds of city space are still going to create a specific picture of Silesian cities. We can say that ghettos of poverty are going to transform themselves into area for underclass and ghettos of riches are going to tighten their isolation from the rest of the city.
EN
The text deals with the topic of an international series of workshops initiated by Antje Ehman and Harun Farocki in 2011 under the auspices of the Goethe Institute and dedicated to the issue of labour. At present, ten workshops have been conducted of a planned fifteen (including Hanoi, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Cairo, Berlin, Tel Aviv, Geneva and Lisbon). Łódź, representing Poland, was the ninth-place city. The Polish version of the workshop was attended by visual artists from the National Film School. The results of the workshop will be exhibited at the October exposition in 2013 and the Łódź Museum of Art. The curators of the project are Aleksandra Jach and Joanna Sokołowska
PL
Labor in a single shot: a history of 21st-century professional activities through a camera lensThe text deals with the topic of an international series of workshops initiated by Antje Ehman and Harun Farocki in 2011 under the auspices of the Goethe Institute and dedicated to the issue of labour. At present, ten workshops have been conducted of a planned fifteen (including Hanoi, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Cairo, Berlin, Tel Aviv, Geneva and Lisbon). Łódź, representing Poland, was the ninth-place city. The Polish version of the workshop was attended by visual artists from the National Film School. The results of the workshop will be exhibited at the October exposition in 2013 and the Łódź Museum of Art. The curators of the project are Aleksandra Jach and Joanna Sokołowska
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Crimes and Crime Dispersion in Urban Areas in Turkey

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EN
Crime is a phenomenon that arises from the interaction between social, political, economic, physical, psychological circumstances and geographical factors. Since crime occurs in geographical locations, the relationship between crime and location is worth discussing characteristics of a location occur in differents ways. Not only natural geographical factors but also human geographical factors may lead to crime. In this study, the situation, distribution of crimes in the cities which are in the police service zone are dealt with. In addition to crime dispersion in the cities and crimes committed to people and property, crimes committed by month is also studied. In this context, it is seen that since city centres are composed of dense population and urban functions, they feed crime, social control weakens in those areas and they create opportunities for criminals. This causes weakness in society and social capital apart from economic losses in cities. The number of crime incidents, which was 229,513 in 1995, in Turkey, has risen to 785,510 in 2006 with a 3.4 fold increase. 41% of the crimes which were committed in the year of 2006 were against people, 59% were against property.
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Celem artykułu jest oszacowanie syntetycznych mierników rozwoju miast wojewódzkich na podstawie charakterystyki społeczno-gospodarczej, analiza porównawcza otrzymanych syntetycznych mierników oraz wyodrębnienie grup miast podobnych ze względu na poziom rozwoju. Analizę przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem tzw. syntetycznego miernika rozwoju, uwzględnianjącego sześć zmiennych: przeciętne miesięczne wynagrodzenie brutto, liczbę mieszkań oddanych do użytku na 1000 zawartych małżeństw, liczbę podmiotów gospodarki narodowej, przychody z czałokształtu działalności w badanych przedsiębiorstwach, stopę bezrobocia zarejestrowanego, zgony niemowląt na 1000 urodzeń żywych.
EN
The purpose of the conducted survey was an assessment of social and economic development ofvoivodship cities in Poland on the basis of synthetic measures of development, estimated constitute on the basis of six variables. Voivodship cities from the point of view of synthetic development measure levels an average-diversified population, similar from the point of view of unemployment rate, rate of infant mortality, number of dwellings completed by thous contracted marriages. These cities were a homogeneous population taking into consideration an average achieved monthly gross salaries and wages, but extremely diversified in case of other variables describing synthetic measures of development (a number of national economy units and revenue from enterprises activity).
XX
Analiza zamieszczona w artykule dotyczy procesów urbanizacyjnych na terenie obecnego województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego. Przeanalizowano miasta według okresu otrzymywania praw miejskich, średnią gęstość sieci miejskiej w 1999 r., liczbę miast w 1999 r., liczbę ludności w miastach w 1999 r., strukturę miast według dynamiki wzrostu liczby ludności w latach 1978-1999, miasta według powierzchni w 1999 r.
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Wzrastająca rola miast w organizacji przestrzeni i rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczym kraju i regionów powoduje wzrost zapotrzebowania na kompleksową informację o miastach i ich otoczeniu. Badanie zapotrzebowania wśród coraz szerszego kręgu odbiorców informacji o mieście pozwoliło na określenie stopnia pokrycia informacyjnego w źródłach statystyki publicznej. Przedstawione ono zostało w kontekście wymogów do europejskiego programu Urban Audit. Regionalna statystyka przestrzenna i statystyka małych obszarów jest przedmiotem zaawansowanych prac w Centrum Statystyki Miast Urzędu Statystycznego w Poznaniu. Artykuł ten prezentuje również wstępne wyniki prac studialnych i metodologicznych prowadzonych w CSM w celu rozpoznania potrzeb informacyjnych niezbędnych do identyfikacji, delimitacji i opisu „obszarów miejskich” oraz określenia źródeł ich pozyskania. Ukazane zostały możliwości wykorzystania danych pochodzących z rejestrów administracyjnych do spełnienia wymagań trzeciej rundy programu Urban Audit, którego realizacja rozpocznie się w 2007 r. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
Growing role of cities in organization of space and social-economic development of the country and regions is a reason of a growth of demand for comprehensive information on cities and their environment. The survey of needs done among users of urban information allowed to determine a level of information coverage for urban data in sources of the public statistics. It is presented in the context of the European program - Urban Audit requirements. The regional and small areas statistics is a subject of advanced works in the Urban Statistics Centre of the Statistical Office in Poznan. This paper also presents preliminary results of methodological and study works conducted in the Urban Statistics Centre aiming at improvement of information coverage for cities essential to identification, delimitation and description of "urban areas" and specification of sources of their maintenance. The possibilities of administrative registers usage to fulfil the requirements of the third round of the Urban Audit, which realization has started at the end of 2007 have been shown. (original abstract)
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Przeprowadzono analizę liczby ludności dużych miast i jej zmian. Opracowanie obejmuje wszystkie miasta w Polsce, których liczba ludności przekroczyła wartość progową 100 tys. mieszkańców w okresie od 1950 do 2000 roku.
EN
The article describes all the towns in Poland where a population volume exceeded a liminal value of 100.000 inhabitants in any time period from 1950 to 2000. State of population and dynamic grouped in 5-year periods with breakdown into the largest cities and other towns indicated as large towns. An analyse of population volume of large cities was conducted on the basis of observation of changes in particular decades. In 1950 a number of large cities was calculated at 16 (5 largest cities) and the great-est population volume was received at the end of 80-ies, presently a number of large cities is estimated at 42 (10 largest cities). In 1973-1977 observed the important increases of population of large cities because of change of administrative borders (mainly cities of the Katowicka and Rybnicka agglomerations) and decreases of population observed in 90-ies (the largest in Tychy and Wodzisław Śląski). The largest increase of population volume observed in Jastrzębie Zdrój (11 times) and Tychy (10 times). simultaneously, in Chorzów observed the decrease of number of inhabitants about 7% from 1950 to 2000. In other cities observed various increases of population volume, from 15% in Zabrze to 500% in Koszalin and Rzeszów enough. In conducted analyse observed that majority of large cities are characterised by regress or stabilisation of population number and this process started in coal basins and large urban and industrial centres earlier. In 7 large cities: Białystok, Gdynia, Olsztyn, Elbląg, Rzeszów, Zielona Góra and Kalisz a number of inhabitants is increasing, despite the observed of low natural increase and decrease of migrations from rural areas to urban areas. (original abstract)
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