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PL
The article discusses the dispute of Romantics with Classicists, however, it does not raise literary or ideological issues around which the discussion was held, but selected elements of Romantic rhetoric. The analysis comprises the image of Classicists and Classicist art emerging from the texts of their critics. Special attention has been paid to the use of the word “dead” and related words. It seems that this word is a kind of a key – tracing its meanings, contexts of use and attributed to it value judgment allows to recreate main postulates of the new trend in art, as well as pay attention to creating the image of the opponent, which takes place in the texts discussed. Finally, it becomes the starting point for indicating elements of similar rhetoric in contemporary literary polemics.
EN
The matter of the article is the representation of ancient arms and armour in Saint Petetrburg’s architecture. Classisism style (1770-1840) and New Classicism style (1905-1915) are studied. The main point of the article is the representation of helmets in military décor. The article contains: 1. Typology of ancient military décor; 2. The full list of buildings with ancient military décor of Saint Petersburg; 3. Examples of ancient helmets in military décor of Saint Petersburg; 4. Aesthetical Analysis of the art, symbolic and ideological reasons for using ancient military décor in Saint Petersburg’s buildings; 5. The attempt to prove that archaic helmets are the most frequent kind of Saint Petersburg’s military décor; 6. The attempt to prove that Russian architects and sculptors did not copy ancient helmets and other arms but they created new samples according to the canons of Classicism art.
EN
Literary polemics are a very characteristic phenomenon of eighteenth century culture. Some of the polemics refer to the essential problems of culture, while others, such as the analysed discussion on “Jagiellonida” and “Pułtawa”, are critical in nature. The reviewers criticise the two unsuccessful epics, however, they also touch upon the important issues concerning this genre. Who should be the protagonist in epic literature? How to combine realism with fantasy fiction? Which classical authors should be imitated? The answers to these questions are sought by the theoreticians of Enlightenment literature and the participants in this argument. A reconstruction and juxtaposition of their opinions are presented in this article.
EN
In 1900, French writer André Gide purchased Maurice Denis’s Homage to Cézanne, nowadays in the collection of Musée d’Orsay. Considered a turning point in Denis’s career, the painting cele­brates the new values of classicism that Denis discovered in the company of Gide while in Rome two years earlier. This essay discusses the similarities between the painter’s and the writer’s own definitions of classicism, while focusing also on the way in which each one of them applied this definition to their own work.
XX
This research presents a comprehensive overview of the Latin literature in Ukraine. Literary heritage of the following authors: Stephanus (Symeon) Jaworski (1658-1722), Philipphus Orlik (1672-1742) was used to analyze peculiarities of the creative self-expression of the Latin-speaking writers mentioned above, who appeared to be active participants of the pan-European artistic, religious, scientific, and political discourse. Furthermore, is the scholarly work in the Ukrainian literary studies to provide a list of verse and prose genres applied in the XV–XIX century, along with the analysis of its content and form in the context of the Ukrainian literature development in the XV–XIX century. In this work distinguishes the main motives and prevailing ideas peculiar to the Renaissance, Baroque, and Classicism literary oeuvre. Provides a comprehensive outline of the artistic means applied by the Latin-speaking authors: poetical, rhetorical means, interlinguistic play on concepts, emblem, in particular heraldic, poetry or blason). The analysis of the literary means is provided in the context of the educational philological courses, which contain presentation of the current literary theoretical principles.
EN
In this paper, the author compares aesthetic and stylistic attitude of two composers who worked in Jasna Gora Monastery at the turn of Baroque and Classical eras. The aim of this article is to capture the differences and similarities between the creative output of both artists by comparison of their pro processione pieces, which are a local variant of a church symphony. Collating complexive analysis, the author points characteristic solutions implemented by the composers, which gives rise to denotation their output as baroque or classical. In this way both composers were located on a stylistic timeline – Riepel as a baroque composer who already has implemented some classical elements into his style, and Żebrowski as a representant of galant style with baroque remainders. Outline of the compositional technique was depicted, what in the future can be a starting point for the further researches.
PL
Współczesny naród grecki został założony w 1828 r., po 7-letniej rewolucyjnej walce z jarzmem osmańskim, która trwała 4 stulecia (od 1453 r.). Był to czas romantyzmu w Europie, prąd, który wspierał ducha rewolucji. Kiedy pierwsze dramaty pojawiły się w małym, wyzwolonym narodzie, Grecy mieli ostatnią rewolucję (która jeszcze się nie skończyła) jako swój przedmiot. Gdy Lord Byron, najbardziej bohaterski z Philellenes, zmarł niedawno (1824) w Messolonghi, przybył do Grecji, aby pomóc rewolucji i poświęcił życie, a także fortunę dla wielkiego problemu greckiej wolności, stał się legendą (wciąż trwa), a jego poezja i dramat są wzorem dla greckich poetów i dramaturgów. Nie tylko: przedmowę Victora Hugo do Cromwella i jego romantycznych dramatów, greccy pisarze – zwłaszcza Hernani, naśladowali w wersjach dotyczących greckich danych i warunków. Przez około dwie dekady prawie wszystkie nowo pojawiające się sztuki były romantyczne. Wkrótce pojawiły się zastrzeżenia, głównie dlatego, że niektórzy europejscy uczeni (najsłynniejszy lub raczej notoryczny Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer) sugerowali, że współcześni Grecy wcale nie byli Grekami ani potomkami czczonych starożytnych Greków, ale Słowian, z powodu mieszania się z innymi rasami przez stulecia. Naukowcy greccy niemal do końca XIX wieku dokładali wszelkich starań, aby udowodnić rodowód językowy i kulturowy. Podnieśli więc sprzeciw wobec romantyzmu (z Bizancjum, epoki dominacji franko-weneckiej lub rewolucji greckiej jako przedmiotu w historycznych sztukach poetyckich) jako obcego i niemoralnego oraz wspierali klasycyzm, wywodzący się ze starożytnej Grecji, kolebki cywilizacji zachodniej. Było takie zakwestionowanie w dramatycznych konkursach prowadzonych przez Uniwersytet Ateński, w których dramat grecki i jego krytyka zostały w dużym stopniu sformułowane. Niektórzy z najważniejszych dramaturgów pisali przedmowy, w których popierali najpierw romantyzm, potem klasycyzm (ale potem pisali sztuki romantyczne, zastanawiając się, jak mogliby pisać wbrew swoim zamiarom). W tym artykule trendy te zostały przeanalizowane z próbą interpretacji kilku wybranych aspektów.
EN
The modern Greek nation was established in 1828, after a 7-year revolutionary fight against the Ottoman yoke, which had lasted for 4 centuries (since 1453). It was the time of Romanticism in Europe, a current that supported the spirit of the Revolution. When the first dramas appeared in the small liberated nation, they had the recent Revolution (which was not over yet) as their subject one way or the other. As Lord Byron, the most heroic of the Philhellenes, had recently (1824) died in Messolonghi, having come to Greece to assist the revolution and having sacrificed life as well as his fortune to the great issue of Greek freedom, he became a legend (still holding) and his poetry and drama a model for Greek poets and playwrights. Not the only one: Victor Hugo’s preface to his Cromwell and his romantic plays, especially Hernani, were imitated by the Greek writers in prefaces and plays in versions applied to the Greek data and conditions. For two decades or so almost all newly appearing plays were romantic one way or the other. Soon objections were raised, mostly because some European scholars (the most famous or rather notorious being Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer) suggested that modern Greeks were no Greeks at all, not descendant of the worshipped ancient Greeks but rather Slavs, because of intermingling with other races for centuries. The Greek scholars almost for the rest of 19th century made every effort to prove the lineage linguistically and culturally. So they raised objections to Romanticism (with Byzantium, Frankish / Venetian domination era or the Greek Revolution as subject matter in historical poetic plays) as foreign and immoral and supported The conflict between Romanticism and Classicism in the Greek theatre of the 19th century 257 Classicism, stemming from ancient Greece, the cradle of Western civilization. There was such a contestation in the dramatic competitions run by the University of Athens, in which the Greek drama and its critique were to a great degree formulated. Some of the most important dramatists wrote prefaces in which they supported first Romanticism, then Classicism (but then they wrote Romantic plays wondering themselves how they could write against their intentions). In this paper these trends is being analyzed with an effort of interpretation from several aspects.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest przejawianie się sporu klasyków z romantykami w ówczesnym dyskursie akademickim na przykładzie wykładów Ludwika Osińskiego. To właśnie wykłady z literatury porównawczej prowadzone na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim najlepiej ukazują wagę polemiki z nowymi tendencjami w kulturze także dla świata akademii, choć odniesienia do nich często wyrażane był nie wprost. W artykule analizuję strategie retoryczne stosowane przez Osińskiego do odnoszenia się do nowej estetyki. Opisuję dialogiczne relacje między romantyzmem a przykładami literackimi wybieranymi przez Osińskiego, jego ocenami dzieł oraz jego przekonaniami dotyczącymi literatury. Szczególnie istotne okazuje się zaprezentowane przez niego ujęcie relacji pomiędzy tradycją a innowacyjnością w kulturze. Umieszczenie wykładów Osińskiego w kontekście dialogu z romantyzmem pozwala zobaczyć jego kurs, często niedoceniany jako wtórny, jako spójny i przemyślany projekt.
EN
Paper discusses the reflection of the argument between Classicists and Romantics in aca- demic discourse on the example of Ludwik Osiński’s lectures. The lectures in comparative literature that Ludwik Osiński gave at the University of Warsaw can best illustrate the aca- demic significance of a polemic with new tendencies in culture, even though it is usually not expressed directly. In the paper the lecturer’s rhetorical strategies employed to refer to new aesthetics are investigated. Dialogical association between Romantic style and Osiński’s cho- ice of examples, the judgments he made and concepts he used is described. Finally, the terms in which he articulates the relation between the old and the new in culture are examined. Seeing Osiński’s lectures in the context of the dialogue with Romanticism allows to consider it as a coherent and deliberate project.
EN
The title of Kajetan JaksaMarcinkowski’s work indicates that Rzeki polskie is a descriptive poem, in which the lecture on Polish history is delivered. But as it turns out, both the composition and content of Rzeki polskie are complicated. The narrative is quite chaotic. The poet is posed as a wandering bard, listening to the voice of native soil and singing about history and legends. Marcinkowski’s poem can be interpreted as a poetic search for the sources of nationality. Collective history as well as the beliefs of the nation are as if charmed into the soil.
EN
The article deals with the socio-cultural genesis of classicism in country house architecture in late 18th century Mazovia (an integral part of the pre-partition Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). It focuses on the example of the three earliest known (neo)classical ‘palaces’ (a ‘palace’ was a common Polish term describing grand palatial mansions in the countryside) at Walewice near Łowicz, Mała Wieś near Grójec as well as Słubice near Gostynin. They were all built in the 1780s and designed by the same early-career architect Hilary Szpilowski (1753-1827) who was commissioned by the affluent local landowners and active politicians Anastazy Walewski of Walewice (ca. 1733-1815), Bazyli Walicki of Mała Wieś (17281802) and Józef Mikorski of Słubice (died 1799), supporters of the enlightened reform-oriented agenda of the king Stanislaus Augustus (reg. 1764-1795). The argument of this article is that their locally unprecedented choice of classicism as an idiom in which their houses were designed was expressive of their specific political sympathies and ambitions. The Duchy of Mazovia was this region of Poland Lithuania where stately homes were practically unknown in the second half of the 18th century with the exception of Nieborów near Łowicz, Stary Otwock near Warsaw, Nowe Miasto near Grójec as well as the Roman-Catholic primate’s residence at Skierniewice, all of them built in earlier periods. In terms of its agricultural conditions, the local landed class of hereditary nobles was not especially prosperous when we compare it with those from other areas of the state, and although there were some rich individuals among Mazovian Landowners, they customarily tended to refrain from emphasizing their elevated position in relations with their local compatriots on whose support their political ambitions were contingent. The group of palaces by Szpilowski can be then seen as a watershed in the architectural history of the region – at least three grand houses were erected in only one decade and others followed soon. This notable change was apparently motivated by the contemporary political situation. The 1780s is the period when the political activity of the royal court, directed at a comprehensive reform of the declining state (marred by the long-standing corruption of its parliamentary system) in accordance with the paradigms of Enlightenment, was very intensive and Mazovia was this place on the map of Poland Lithuania where the king enjoyed a good deal of support from local noble politicians. The ideas of progress, civilization, rationality as well as national power based on these principles found their visual and spatial expression in the classical idiom that was endorsed by the king himself and consequently disseminated among those who shared this reformist viewpoint. The houses of Walewice, Mała Wieś and Słubice directly engaged in a local public sphere serving as venues for political gatherings hosted by their owners. However, by stressing the clear-cut division between the ideas of progress and regression, civilization and barbarism, objectivity and subjectivity, mental enlightenment and darkness, these houses also contributed to the contemporary discourse of elite identity. The Polish-Lithuanian nobility was traditionally democratic when it comes to its inner hierarchy – all nobles were legally equal to each other. However, throughout the 18th century the richest representatives of the noble ‘nation’ (socalled magnates) exerted great influence on noble masses, practically taking over control of national politics and negatively disposing lesser nobles towards the king, seen as a potential autocrat. This situation motivated Stanislaus Augustus to counteract the dominance and bad influence of the magnates by forming a new elite – closely connected with the royal court – and composed of industrious individuals of middle noble standing who were expected to support him in his endeavor to implement the reform programme. It seems then quite probable that members of this pro-king elite such as Walewski, Walicki and Mikorski referred thus to classicism in order to express their claims to the status of a new elite, the one that spearhead the national movement towards modernity.
EN
This article describes the architecture of the Opinogora church, inclusive of its crypts. The church was funded in the 20s of the 19th century by General Wincenty Count Krasiński in the shape of classicist rotunda, its architect unknown. Since its very beginnings, the Opinogora church has had an adjacent sepulchral chapel belonging to the Krasiński Family, in which the mortal remains of the Polish national poet Zygmunt Krasicki rested. In the 70s of the 19th century, the rotunda was replaced by a currently standing neoclassical temple, whose architect was Wincenty Rakiewicz.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono architekturę kościoła opinogórskiego łącznie z kryptami. Kościół ten ufundował w latach 20. XIX wieku generał Wincenty hrabia Krasiński. Miał on formę klasycystycznej rotundy, której architekt nie jest znany. Od początku swego istnienia kościół opinogórski funkcjonował wraz z kaplicą grobową Krasińskich, w której spoczęło ciało wieszcza narodowego Zygmunta Krasińskiego. W latach 70. XIX wieku rotundę zastąpiono obecnie stojącą neoklasycystyczną świątynią, której architektem był Wincenty Rakiewicz.
XX
The article deals with the dialogue between two artists Dmytro Pavlychko and Yaroslav Ivashkevych primarily at the level of contact-genetical connections between them through criticism and translation, personal relationships. Dmytro Pavlychko translated more than 120 poems written by Yaroslav Ivashkevych and wrote a number of articles about his oeuvre (“Novels by Yaroslav Ivashkevych”, “Uraniya is his sister and muse”, “Yaroslav Ivashkevych and Ukraine”). The image of Ukraine is demonstrated in the works of Yaroslav Ivashkevych from early poetry and prose to the latest collections and his Ukrainian myth that comes from the “Ukrainian school” of Polish romanticism. Dominant features of poetics: paintistry, musicality, privacy.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba interpretacji architektury pałacu Seherr-Thossów w Szymanowie (powiat świdnicki). O wyjątkowości tego dzieła przesądziło połączenie w jego koncepcji architektonicznej trzech różnych elementów stylowo-kompozycyjnych, wywodzących się z tak różnych źródeł jak koncepcje A. Palladia (neopalladianizmu), J.-N.-L. Duranda („nowa architektura”) oraz K.F. Schinkla (jego architektura willowa). Niewielka liczba zachowanych archiwaliów uniemożliwia zarówno ścisłe datowanie powstania pałacu, jak i ustalenie twórcy jego projektu. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań nad pałacem można wskazać na połowę lat 20. XIX w. jako bardzo prawdopodobny czas jego realizacji oraz na architekta Ludwika Persiusa – ucznia Schinkla – jako domniemanego autora projektu.
EN
The aim of the article is to interpret the architecture of the Seherr-Thoss palace in Szymanów (Świdnica powiat – a Polish administrative unit). The uniqueness of the building is caused by the combination of three stylistic and composition elements originating from diverse sources, such as A. Palladio (neo-Palladian style), J.-N.-L. Durand (“new architecture”) and K.F. Schinkel (his villa architecture). A small number of archives makes it impossible to properly date the palace or to determine its designer. The conducted research indicates the 1820s as probable time of its erection and the architect Ludwig Persius – Schinkel’s student – as the probable author of the project.
PL
Dzieła operowe Karola Kurpińskiego odegrały wyjątkową rolę w procesie kształtowania się nowych tendencji w polskim teatrze operowym i krytyce teatralno-muzycznej na styku oświecenia i romantyzmu. Artykuł przedstawia prasowe dyskusje poświęcone operom autora Zamku na Czorsztynie prowadzone w drugiej dekadzie XIX wieku, czyli w okresie pierwszych ich wystawień w warszawskim Teatrze Narodowym. Liczne kontrowersje i sprzeczności, które pojawiają się w XIX-wiecznych recenzjach oper Kurpińskiego, przekonują, jak trudno było współczesnym kompozytorowi krytykom jednoznacznie dzieła te sklasyfikować i ocenić. Dokładny przegląd ówczesnej prasy pozwala również stwierdzić, iż dzieła dramatyczno-muzyczne autora Pałacu Lucypera, jako świetny przykład genologicznego skomplikowania ówczesnych form operowych oraz istotny element procesu formowania się programu tzw. opery narodowej, stanowiły doskonały punkt wyjścia dla dyskusji między dwoma opozycyjnymi obozami społeczno-kulturowymi ukształtowanymi w Warszawie w ostatnich latach drugiej dekady XIX wieku, które reprezentowały odmienne ideały estetyczne i na dwa różne sposoby pojmowały zadania i funkcje krytyki teatralnej. Niemniej, jak się okazuje, wypowiedzi przedstawicieli antagonistycznych obozów na temat dzieł Kurpińskiego nie przebiegały według jednego, prostego do wyznaczenia schematu – przeciwnie, kontrowersje między krytykami klasycyzującymi a ich oponentami układały się we wzór bardzo skomplikowany i niejednorodny. Ta wielopłaszczyznowa refleksja XIX-wiecznych krytyków nad jego twórczością znakomicie obrazuje płynność i nieostrość tendencji uznawanych w tradycji badawczej za przeciwstawne, czyli tendencji „klasycznych” i „romantycznych”, i skłania do weryfikacji niektórych sądów na temat kompozytora oraz recepcji jego dorobku formułowanych we współczesnych pracach historyków muzyki, teatru i literatury.
EN
Karol Kurpiński’s operatic works played a unique role in the process of shaping new trends in Polish opera theatre and in theatrico-musical criticism at the border of Enlightenment and Romanticism. The article presents press discussions devoted to the operas of the author of Zamek na Czorsztynie [The Czorsztyn Castle] in the 1920s, i.e. at the time of their first stagings in the National Theatre in Warsaw. Numerous controversies and contradictions that appear in the 19th-century reviews of Kurpiński’s operas testify to how difficult it was for his contemporary critics to explicitly classify and evaluate these works. A thorough review of the press at that time also shows that the dramatic and musical works by the author of Pałac Lucypera [Lucyper’s Palace], as great examples of the genological complexity of opera forms at that time and an important element of the process of formation of the so-called national opera programme, constituted an excellent starting point for discussions between the two opposition socio-cultural camps formed in Warsaw in the last years of the 1920s, which represented different aesthetic ideals and understood the tasks and functions of theatre criticism in two different ways. However, as it turns out, the statements of the representatives of the antagonistic camps about Kurpiński’s works did not follow a single, simple scheme – on the contrary, the controversies between the Classicist critics and their opponents were arranged in a very complicated and heterogeneous pattern. This multi-faceted reflection of the 19th-century critics on his works perfectly illustrates the fluidity and fuzziness of tendencies regarded in the research tradition as contradictory, i.e. the “Classical” and “Romantic” tendencies, which leads to the verification of some judgments about the composer and the reception of his output formulated in the contemporary works of music, theatre and literary historians.
EN
The article concerns the never constructed villa of Izabela Branicka née Poniatowska on the grounds of King Stanisław Augustus’s Łazienki Park in Warsaw. Several drawings of this building are held in the collection of the Print Room of the Warsaw University Library. Their analyses to date have not been comprehensive and their research interpretations proved to be flawed. The actual author of the designs created between 1782 and 1783 (in three major, differing versions) was the architect Stanisław Zawadzki. The Classicist building, inspired by the Hôtel Guimard in Paris (1770–1772, by Claude-Nicolas Ledoux), was to be distinguished by its classical form and striking austerity. At the time of their creation, the designs were avant-garde to an extent unrivalled in the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, and were intended to reveal Zawadzki’s unparalleled talent in his rivalry with Domenico Merlini.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy niezrealizowanej willi Izabeli z Poniatowskich Branickiej na terenie stołecznych Łazienek króla Stanisława Augusta. Kilkanaście rysunków tej budowli zachowało się w zbiorach Gabinetu Rycin Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej w Warszawie. Dotychczasowe ich analizy nie były wyczerpujące, a interpretacje badawcze okazały się błędne. Rzeczywistym autorem projektów, tworzonych w latach 1782–1783 (w trzech zasadniczych, różniących się wersjach), był architekt Stanisław Zawadzki. Klasycystyczna budowla, inspirowana paryskim Hôtel Guimard (1770–1772, Claude-Nicolas Ledoux), miała wyróżniać się antykizującą formą i wyjątkową surowością. Projekty w chwili swego powstania były w sposób niedościgniony na ziemiach Rzeczypospolitej awangardowe, stanowić też miały dowód niepospolitego talentu Zawadzkiego w jego zawodowej rywalizacji z Dominikiem Merlinim.
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2014
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vol. 62
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issue 7: Słowianoznawstwo
183-196
PL
W artykule omówiono synkretyzm stylistyczny twórczości o. Iwana Nekraszewycza, ukształtowany pod wpływem tendencji estetycznych II połowy XVIII wieku. W tekstach autora obok elementów barokowych zauważalne są również wpływy klasycystyczne i rokokowe, zaś wysoka kultura literacka współegzystuje z ludową kulturą śmiechu.
UK
У статті розглянуто синкретичну стильову парадигму творчості священика Івана Некрашевича, структуровану естетичними тенденціями другої половини ХVІІІ ст. Зауважено, що у ній, поруч із бароковими, простежуються класицистичні і рокайльні елементи, а книжна традиція органічно співіснує з народною сміховою культурою.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą spojrzenia na znaczenie terminu „preromantyzm” przez pryzmat funkcjonowania tego pojęcia w tekstach literaturoznawczych. Przedmiotem analizy są rozprawy zamieszczone w przygotowanych przez Alinę Aleksandrowicz i Ewę Grzędę dwóch książkach naukowych, które dzieli data wydania (1991 i 2007), charakter publikacji (tom zbiorowy i autorska antologia utworów literackich), łączy natomiast użycie w formule tytułowej terminu „preromantyzm”. Rekonstruowane w toku rozważań sensy terminu „preromantyzm” odsyłają do zjawisk estetyczno-literackich, które mają w nauce o literaturze swoje nazwy: „sentymentalizm”, „gotycyzm”, „osjanizm” czy „rokoko”. Materiałem uzupełniającym bądź porównawczym dla formułowanych wniosków są spostrzeżenia innych badaczy literatury (T. Kostkiewiczowa, A. Kowalczykowa, J. Krzyżanowski, Z. Libera, J. Lyszczyna, J. Maciejewski), którzy problem preromantyzmu rozpatrywali wcześniej.
EN
The article is an attempt to look at the meaning of the term “pre-Romanticism” through the prism of its functioning in literary texts. The subject of analysis are texts published in two book by Alina Aleksandrowicz and Ewa Grzęda. The two books are different in terms of the date (1991 and 2007) and the nature of the publication (collective volume and author’s anthology of literary works), but also linked to each other through the use of the term pre-Romanticism in their titles. The reconstructed senses of the term pre-Romanticism refer to aesthetic and literary phenomena which have their specific names in literary studies: Sentimentalism, Gothicism, Ossianism or Rococo. The observations of other literary researchers (T. Kostkiewiczowa, A. Kowalczykowa, J. Krzyżanowski, Z. Libera, J. Lyszczyna, J. Maciejewski), who previously considered the problem of pre-Romanticism, constitute a complementary or comparative material for the formulated conclusions.
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