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PL
Grupę BRICS tworzą Brazylia, Rosja, Indie, Chiny oraz RPA. Kraje te są uważane za jedne z najbardziej dynamicznie rozwijających się podmiotów w XXI wieku. Ich rola w gospodarce światowej rośnie, co znajduje odzwierciedlenie w zaangażowaniu tych krajów w międzynarodowy handel oraz transfer kapitału. W artykule przeanalizowano wielkość i strukturę towarową handlu krajów grupy BRICS, a także zidentyfikowano obszary, w których wypracowują one przewagę komparatywną.
EN
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa form the BRICS group. They are considered one of the most dynamic countries in contemporary world economy. Their position in the globalsed world is changing and their role is growing. It is reflected in the engagement of BRICS countries both in international trade and international transfer of capital. The value and commodity structure of exports and imports of BRICS countries was analysed. The areas of revealed comparative advantage for all five economies were identified with the application of B.Balassa RCA indicator.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza jednego ze źródeł dochodów miejskich, jakim była dzierżawa monopolu na ważenie i mierzenie towarów w mieście Szczekociny w okresie 1824-1850. Została ona przeprowadzona w oparciu o zachowane źródła archiwalne dotyczące bezpośrednio tematu badań (akta dzierżaw miejskich, akta finansów miasta), jak i materiały uzupełniające (księgi metrykalne, akta podatkowe, rachunki). Uwzględnione źródła poddane zostały analizie historycznej polegającej na wyodrębnieniu najważniejszych problemów składających się na dzierżawę monopolu na ważenie oraz mierzenie towarów. Jako pierwszy z nich omówiono procedurę wyłaniania dzierżawców, a także treść przykładowej umowy dzierżawy na podstawie akt z 1826 r. Kolejnym poruszonym problemem były: używane w tamtym czasie wzorce miar i wag. W dalszej części artykułu starano się scharakteryzować osoby będące dzierżawcami, a na koniec poddano analizie udział sum uzyskiwanych z dzierżaw w strukturze dochodów Szczekocin.(fragment tekstu)
EN
In the period of 1824-1850, the municipality of Szczekociny benefited from an additional source of income, leasing the monopoly on the weighing and measuring of goods to private individuals. The tenants, most often Jewish citizens of Szczekociny, won the contracts by public bidding. The tenancy agreements were concluded for a period of three years during which the city received predetermined, quarterly paid sums of money. In terms of content these agreements approximated to the modern civil law contracts. The revenues obtained by the city from the tenancies accounted for a small percentage of all of its income and ranged from 2 to 5% of total incomings. The introduction of Russian measuring standards across The Polish Kingdom in 1849 terminated this kind of activity. Since the municipal of Szczekociny did not come into possession of new standards, the further continuation of leasing was disallowed by the administrative authorities.(original abstract)
EN
The paper aims to discuss the changes in Poland's foreign trade with Germany between 1995 and 2010. It also attempts to analyze the level of import penetration rate of the Polish market by German goods. The data quoted in the paper indicate that Germany are our main supplier of the commodities. In researched period, share of this country in Polish imports and exports maintains at the similar level 25-30%. Generally, about 11% Poland's total demand for the industrial products in 2010 was supplied with commodities imported from Germany. The most important goods imported from this country are: transport equipment, machinery, chemicals, basic metals and fabricated metal products. Also the import penetration rate is the highest for these groups of products (transport equipment - 24,5%, machinery - 18,5%, chemicals - 20,1%).The high import penetration rate seems to be correlated with the share of a particular commodity group in imports from Germany. Value of this rate can be in 64% explained by the share of the commodity group in the Poland's imports from the researched country.
EN
The aims of this article are the analysis of the structure of Poland's trade with Germany, the position of Germany as the supplier and the customer of Poland, and the revealed comparative advantage in turnovers with the most important trade partner of our country. The analysis refers to the period 1995-2011. The data presented in the paper indicate that the share of the Germany in Polish export and import decreased in researched period. But Germany is still the most important Poland's trade partner. The main subjects of our trade are: machinery and different equipment, transport equipment and chemicals. The calculations (RCA and CRCA) indicate that Polish trade with Germany is not necessarily in accordance with the revealed comparative advantage. For example: the biggest part of Polish export to Germany are machinery and different equipment but the value of CRCA in this case is below zero (it means: unfavourable).
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