The legal construction of joint representation is a widely used institution. It can be used in the case of a commercial proxy being the second type (in addition to an individual proxy). Its model is the standard type of a company's representation in the case in which there is more than one director appointed to a board of directors. When it comes to partnerships it is an alternative for the statutory model of each partner's individual competences that can be included in the partnership deed. The practical operation of joint representation is similar in all cases, but there are subtle differences due to its different functions; one of the commercial proxies' types, a statutory model in companies and a facultative model in partnerships. Because companies and the joint representation of directors (also a director with commercial proxy) are drawing the attention of commentator, it is worth dedicating a separate text to partnerships and the joint representation of partners.
The paper presents the interpretation of grounds for repealing a resolution of a capital company (private and public limited) in the event of a conflict between such resolution and the company’s articles of association (statue), good practice, or when the intent of the resolution is contrary to the company’s interests or to the detriment of a shareholder,based on the views of representative legal doctrine and court rulings. These opinions are then confronted with views presented by legal theorists as well as the developments and changes of their interpretation in selected jurisdictions.
The paper presents the interpretation of grounds for repealing a resolution of a capital company (private and public limited) in the event of a conflict between such resolution and the company’s articles of association (statue), good practice, or when the intent of the resolution is contrary to the company’s interests or to the detriment of a shareholder,based on the views of representative legal doctrine and court rulings. These opinions are then confronted with views presented by legal theorists as well as the developments and changes of their interpretation in selected jurisdictions.
First of all, the present study contains considerations, which refer to analysis of the doubtful issue whether the liquidator in association of capital company may bear tax liability for the obligations. For determined in this way research area, the analysis of the relevant jurisdiction becomes useful, which possesses, in the mentioned case, features of the absence of uniformity. The above questions evoke numerous controversies, particularly if it is pointed out that in the light of being in force provisions of the Fiscal Law, the liquidator is not involved in third persons list (catalogue). Lack of the liquidators' presence in this provision, we may, in this way, regard as certain inconsistency of the legislator, but we cannot, on the grounds of it, construct a thesis which includes third persons in the tax liability, also other managing the company's property persons, for example - liquidators.
Docelową formą ochrony oznaczeń przedsiębiorcy są instytucje prawa wła-sności przemysłowej, w tym w szczególności znaki towarowe. Tym niemniej mimo zaniechania w uzyskaniu formalnoprawnej ochrony oznaczeń podmiot, którego prawa związane z oznaczeniami zostają naruszone może poszukiwać innych podstaw dla formułowania swoich żądań w zależności od tego, które dobro zostało naruszeniem dotknięte. W wypadku naruszenia prawa do firmy podstawą uprawnień jest kodeks cywilny i sformułowane w nim swoiste „prawo firmowe”. Ponadto przedsiębiorca taki może skorzystać z regulacji ustawy prawo zwalczania nieuczciwej konkurencji oraz – po spełnieniu podwyższonych wymagań – także z ustawy prawo własności przemysłowej. Te dwie ostatnie ustawy kładą jednak nacisk nie na bezwzględną ochronę prawa przedsiębiorcy, jak ma to miejsce przy firmie, ale na zapobieganie możliwości wprowadzenia odbiorców w błąd co do pochodzenia towarów i usług.
EN
The entrepreneur, who has not received protection rights for its determination is not without chances of obtaining pro-tection. Product its prerogatives are divided into two main categories: absolute powers, effective ergaomnes, and the rights relative, most often based on the construction of the civil tort. The first group undoubtedly includes the protection of copyright of the benefit, however, only a small number of determinations. In addition to copyright, to indicate at this point should be on the "right company," the regulation since 2003, is located in the Civil Code giving broad protection entity whose right to the company have been violated or threatened by the possibility of implementing requests so for pecuniary and non-pecuniary. The relative protection predicts finally the provisions of the Law on Unfair Competition and the Law on Industrial Property. Among these laws there is a kind of gradation, which expresses the elevated requirements of the fulfillment of which depends on the launch of the powers of the Industrial Property Law, and their failure does not close the way to use the powers conferred upon the Law on Unfair Competition. Product remedies is therefore rich, although clearly it should be stressed that most of these measures are designed to protect different kinds of goods.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of the article is to assess the legitimacy of introducing a simple joint-stock company (PSA) into the Polish legal order. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The basic method is the analysis of laws regarding a simple joint-stock company and their interpretation presented by representatives of the doctrine. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article consists of three main parts. The first presents the characteristics of the PSA together with the legislator’s comments. The second part attempts to justify the claim that this type of company is attractive for start-ups. In particular, the focus was on an unconventional solution in the area of raising funds for business operations through crowdfunding. The third part presents the experts’ position on the possibility of using this type of legal form in the activities of start-ups focusing on the facilities declared by the legislator. RESEARCH RESULTS: Due to the analysis of laws and subject literature, potential advantages and disadvantages of introducing PSA into the Polish legal order were indicated. The authors take the view that combining the features of a limited liability company with a joint-stock company may be the legislator’s response to the needs of the start-up environment. However, an unambiguous assessment will only be possible after testing this legal form in business practice. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The introduction of a new legal form can significantly affect interest in crowdfunding. However, the authors believe that the complement of new legal solutions dedicated to start-ups would be to clarify the regulations on equity crowdfunding.
PL
CEL NAUKOWY: Głównym celem artykułu jest ocena zasadności wprowadzenia prostej spółki akcyjnej (PSA) do polskiego porządku prawnego. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Podstawową metodę stanowi analiza ustaw dotyczących prostej spółki akcyjnej oraz ich interpretacji prezentowanych przez przedstawicieli doktryny. PROCES WYWODU: Artykuł składa się z trzech zasadniczych części. W pierwszej została zaprezentowana charakterystyka PSA wraz komentarzami ustawodawcy. W drugiej części podjęto próbę uzasadnienia twierdzenia, że ten typ spółki jest atrakcyjny dla start-upów. W szczególności skupiono się na niekonwencjonalnym rozwiązaniu w zakresie pozyskiwania funduszy na działalność biznesową poprzez finansowanie społecznościowe. Trzecia część przedstawia stanowisko ekspertów dotyczące możliwości wykorzystania tego rodzaju formy prawnej w działalności start-upów, skupiając się na deklarowanych przez ustawodawcę ułatwieniach. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Dzięki przeprowadzonej analizie ustaw i literatury przedmiotu wskazano potencjalne zalety i wady z wprowadzenia PSA do polskiego porządku prawnego. Autorzy zajmują stanowisko, że połączenie cech spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością ze spółką akcyjną może stanowić odpowiedź ustawodawcy na zapotrzebowanie środowiska start-upów. Jednoznaczna ocena będzie jednak możliwa dopiero po przetestowaniu tej formy prawnej w praktyce gospodarczej. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Wprowadzenie nowej formy prawnej może znacząco wpłynąć na zainteresowanie finansowaniem społecznościowym. Autorzy uważają jednak, że dopełnieniem nowych rozwiązań prawnych dedykowanych start-upom byłoby doprecyzowanie przepisów w zakresie crowdfundingu udziałowego.
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