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EN
Polish economy is one of but many issues with which the Council of Ministers is concerned. It is managed and run by appropriate ministries, which are responsible for how well they function. Since 1945 most governmental jobs were given to men. There were very few women actively functioning in public life. Throughout the history of the Polish People’s Republic not a single woman was appointed either Prime Minister or VicePrime Minister and very few women were nominated as ministers. There were only two women who were responsible for economic matters, if only to a very limited degree – Maria Milczarek, the Minister of Administration, Infrastructure Economy and Environmental Protection (from 2nd Dec, 1976 to 8th Feb, 1979), and Anna Kędzierska – the Minister of Domestic Trade and Services (from 30th May, 1984 to 6 th Nov, 1985).
PL
Początek XX wieku był okresem przełomowym dla życia Kościoła prawosławnego w Rosji. Głównym wydarzeniem, które zmieniło sytuację zewnętrzną i wewnętrzną Kościoła był Lokalny Sobór Rosyjskiego Kościoła Prawosławnego w latach 1917-1918. Najważniejszą decyzją soborowych obrad była restytucja patriarchatu, zlikwidowanego rezolucjami cara Piotra I w XVIII wieku. Zainicjowana dyskusja wokół tego procesu była źródłem wielu interesujących wypowiedzi i kierunków dialektyki. W niniejszym artykule prezentowana jest pozytywna argumentacja w celu restytucji patriarchatu w oparciu o publikacje S.N. Bułgakowa, N.I. Troickiego i A.W. Wasiljewa, które były dodatkiem do prac soboru. Szczególnie ważne jest ich odniesienie do przymiotów Kościoła: jedności, apostolskości i soborowości.
EN
The Church Fathers did not neglect to give attention to widows and articulate what they believed was their role in the Church. Modern studies are quite abundant focusing mainly from the New Testament, the early Church, and the Middle Ages. One era that has been marginalized is widows in sources from late antique Roman and Suevic-Visigothic Hispania. Early Christian writers are noted for background only, the focus here are the conciliar texts dating from the fourth through seventh centuries.
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2022
|
vol. 15
|
issue 25
87-108
FR
Cet article se concentre sur la responsabilité personnelle des dirigeants d’entreprise pour les infractions au droit de la concurrence. Cet article commence par l’examen du régime de sanction des dirigeants d’entreprises selon la loi sur la concurrence de la République de Lituanie. Nous examinons les dispositions légales et la pratique judiciaire des tribunaux lituaniens à partir de 2017, date à laquelle la première demande de sanction à l’encontre d’un dirigeant d’entreprise a été déposée. Il est souligné que dans la plupart des cas, les tribunaux ne satisfont pas entièrement les demandes du Conseil de la concurrence en ce qui concerne la sévérité des sanctions imposées aux dirigeants. Dans la deuxième partie de l’article, nous analysons en détail la jurisprudence des tribunaux administratifs de la République de Lituanie et révélons les éléments clés pour l’imposition de sanctions aux dirigeants. Premièrement, dans des circonstances exceptionnelles, les tribunaux peuvent imposer une sanction inférieure à celle prévue par la loi. Deuxièmement, les tribunaux peuvent imposer à la fois des sanctions principales et des sanctions supplémentaires ou n’importe laquelle d’entre elles. Troisièmement, le niveau des sanctions doit être déterminé à la lumière des amendes imposées aux entreprises pour des infractions au droit de la concurrence. L’article se termine par un bref résumé.
EN
This article focuses on the personal liability of managers of undertakings for breaches of competition law. This article starts with a review of the sanction regime for managers of undertakings according to the Competition law of the Republic of Lithuania. Reviewed are legal provisions and judicial practice of the Lithuanian courts starting from 2017, that is, when the first request to sanction a manager of an undertaking was submitted to the court by the Competition Council (CC). It is pointed out that in most cases the courts do not fully accept the requests of the CC with respect to the severity of the sanctions to be imposed on managers. The second part of the Article comprehensively analyses the case-law of administrative courts of the Republic of Lithuania, and presents key elements of the imposition of sanctions on company managers. Firstly, in exceptional circumstances, courts may impose a lower penalty than the one specified by competition law. Secondly, the courts may impose both, the main sanction as well as an additional one, or any of them. Thirdly, the level of sanctions should be determined the light of the fines imposed on undertakings for their infringements of competition law. The article concludes with a short summary.
EN
The article deals with the Papal Primacy and the collegiality of Bishops in the light of Lumen Gentium constitution and how this issue was reflected in Czech exile theology and international theology. The Second Vatican Council does not clearly state whether the supreme power in the Church belongs to one or two holders. It also does not precisely defines the relationship between the Pope and the College of Bishops. The present text reflects on attitudes to this open question adopted by three Czech exiles: V. Boublík, A. Heidler and K. Skalický. The article consequently presents possible answers to the question of whether there are one or two holders of supreme servant power, both having found their supporters among prominent foreign theologians. The author points to facts that perhaps were not taken sufficiently into account in the search for the answer. Finally, he provides his own opinion. The supreme servant power belongs fully both to the Pope and the College of Bishops and there are therefore two holders. The theses outlined above and resulting in this conclusion are viewed as dynamic, complementary instances. The author does not come to this solution through law power logic, but through a personalist theological logic of love.
Zarządzanie Mediami
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2014
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vol. 2
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issue 4
141–155
XX
The right of every person to obtain information, guaranteed by Article 54 Section 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, is realized mainly through media. In order to carry out these tasks, the media need to have guaranteed, and not just confirmed by the above mentioned regulation, freedom of speech, but also the freedom to perform activities, through which they will be able to distribute information. Such guarantees can be found in Article 14 of the Constitution, whereas the ban on preventive censorship and press licensing, expressed in Article 54 Section 2 of the Constitution is a detailed guarantee of the freedom to conduct business by the media. This regulation, however, stipulates that an act of parliament may introduce an obligation to obtain a prior license to run a radio or TV station. Administrative decisions in this matter are included mainly in Chapter 5 of the Broadcasting Act, titled "Licences to broadcast programmes", (Art.33-40b). It is also necessary to point to the fact that radio and TV programme broadcast takes place within the frames of running a business activity. However, according to Article 46 Section 1 Point 5 of the Act on the Freedom to Perform a Business Activity, running a business activity in the area of broadcasting radio and TV programmes requires to obtain a license, while the detailed range and conditions of running a business activity subject to licensing are regulated by other acts of parliament. According to Article 22 of the Constitution, “limiting the freedom to run a business activity is only acceptable by means of an act of parliament and only due to an important public interest.”
IT
Le Costituzioni apostoliche presentano uno dei documenti motto significativi per ta Chiesa net IV secoto, ma anzitutto ta testimonianza det tempo passato. La Chiesa, come é presentata net tibro, e una struttura cottegiate, non esiste nesun primato ne personate nś ufficiate. Nell'asembtea partano e discutano tutti i fedeti, anche prendendo te decisioni definitive. Si puó dire: E presente Piętro, ma non Micio di Piefro. I fedeti sono chiamati att'obedienza at vescovo che e indipendente in tutte te sue decisioni net suo territorio fuorche te situazioni in cui e Pautore di uno scandato e quindi viene sottoposto atte decisioni det sinodo detta propria provincia. Si puó trovare una gerarchia netPasembtea ma non e una gerarchia ufficiate; si puó dire che questa gerarchia e di stampo pratico non teotogico. Autorita di Trndizione Apostolica ha it carattere costitutivo per tutti i fedeti. La Chiesa nelle Costituzioni e ta Chiesa degti Apostoti, non di Pietro.
EN
Le "Costituzioni apostoliche" presentano uno dei documenti motto significativi per ta Chiesa nel IV secolo, ma anzitutto la testimonianza del tempo passato. La Chiesa, come é presentata net libro, e una struttura collegiale, non esiste nesun primato ne personale ne ufficiale. Nell'asemblea parlano e discutano tutti i fedeli, anche prendendo le decisioni definitive. Si puó dire: E presente Pietro, ma non "ufficio di Pietro". I fedeli sono chiamati all'obedienza al vescovo che e indipendente in tutte le sue decisioni nel suo territorio fuorche le situazioni in cui e l'autore di uno scandalo e quindi viene sottoposto alle decisioni del sinodo della propria provincia. Si puó trovare una gerarchia nell'asemblea ma non e una gerarchia ufficiale; si puó dire che questa gerarchia e di stampo pratico non teologico. Autorita di "Tradizione Apostolica" ha il carattere costitutivo per tutti i fedeli. La Chiesa nelle "Costituzioni" e la Chiesa degli Apostoli, non di Pietro.
EN
The work offers a synthesis of the conciliar activity of the Church in Hispania during the late-Roman period with a list of the number of canons of a liturgical nature of each assembly. In this way it offers a subsidy of great interest for scholars of the Visigothic liturgy.
IT
Praca zawiera syntezę soborowej działalności Kościoła w Hiszpanii w okresie późnorzymskim wraz ze spisem liczby kanonów o charakterze liturgicznym każdego zgromadzenia. W ten sposób stanowi ona bardzo interesujące źródło dla badaczy liturgii wizygockiej.
EN
The introduction of the anti-avoidance clause into the Polish legislation was aimed at preventing the construction of artificial structures aimed at achieving tax benefits contrary to the intention of the Act, contrary to the purpose and essence of tax regulations. Tax avoidance consists in particular in the abuse of tax preferences and thus obtaining a financial advantage resulting from a reduction in the tax burden or even obtaining a tax refund. Clause proceedings are initiated or taken over by the Head of the National Revenue Administration at the request of the tax authority for further conduct. In the course of these proceedings, it may seek the opinion of the Anti-Tax Avoidance Council, which is an independent expert advisory body. The Council’s opinion is intended to ensure the protection of both the interests of the state and economic participants.
PL
Wprowadzenie do polskiego prawodawstwa klauzuli przeciwko unikaniu opodatkowania miało na celu zapobieganie tworzeniu sztucznych konstrukcji nakierowanych na osiągnięcie korzyści podatkowych sprzecznych z intencją ustawy, a także z celem i istotą regulacji podatkowych. Unikanie opodatkowania polega w szczególności na nadużywaniu preferencji podatkowych i uzyskiwaniu przez to korzyści finansowej, wynikającej z obniżenia ciężaru opodatkowania, względnie nawet uzyskania zwrotu podatku. Postępowanie klauzulowe wszczyna lub przejmuje na wniosek organu podatkowego do dalszego prowadzenia Szef Krajowej Administracji Skarbowej (dalej: Szef KAS). W trakcie tego postępowania może on zasięgnąć opinii Rady do Spraw Przeciwdziałania Unikaniu Opodatkowania (dalej: Rada), która jest niezależnym eksperckim ciałem doradczym. Opinia Rady ma zapewnić ochronę interesów zarówno państwa, jak i uczestników obrotu gospodarczego.
EN
In the legal system of the Italian Republic, there are two judicial self-government organs, which guarantee the independence of the courts and the independence of judges. The Supreme Judicial Council safeguards the independence of the common judiciary and the Presidium of the Administrative Judiciary Council — administrative judiciary. Despite the different composition of those organs, each of them ensures proper representation of judges of common and administrative courts. The election of judges by judges is the basic principle for the selection of the new council members. In addition, the competences of the Supreme Judicial Council and the Presidium of the Administrative Judiciary Council, are fundamental for guaranteeing the independence of the judiciary from the other public organs.
EN
In the interpretation of Revelation, as well as, documents of the Magisterium of the post-conciliar Catholic theology, strong tensions and differences have been exposed.They are a consequence of various hermeneutics. Each of the sides claims the right to define “a reform”.However, a careful and critical analysis of the three functioning types of hermeneutics (of absolute continuity, of a break, and of absolute fidelity to the tradition) is not fully satisfactory.In its external form of expression the symbols and dogmas of faith are historical, so with the flow of history they become anachronistic, despite the fact that the essence (the core) of the doctrine is not changed, because it comes from the Divine Revelation and is a subject of personal experience of the faithful. Therefore, a fundamental basis of faith lies in the event of Revelation, namely, the self-giving of the Triune God. Hence the Revelation must be understood not as a statement of truth, but as an event of truth. It is about personal experience of the Resurrected, and not just knowledge or information about Him. Therefore, the language and the manner of communication must be constantly verified and contemporized. While the truth is always not completely grasped. This is why the presented article is a small contribution in developing a fourth type of hermeneutics – a hermeneutics of substantial change, which though would allow to break the continuity at some points, nevertheless would not destroy the identity of faith.
PL
W interpretacji objawienia, jak i tekstów magisterialnych w posoborowej teologii katolickiej ujawniły się silne napięcia i rozbieżności. Są one konsekwencją opowiedzenia się za odmienną hermeneutyką. Każda ze stron rości sobie naturalnie prawo do określenia „reforma”. Jednakże uważna i krytyczna analiza funkcjonujących trzech rodzajów hermeneutyk („bezwzględnej ciągłości”, „przerwania” i „absolutnej wierności tradycji”) nie jest do końca zadowalająca.W swej zewnętrznej formie ekspresji symbole i dogmaty wiary są historyczne, czyli z upływem historii stają się anachroniczne, mimo że istota (rdzeń) doktryny nie ulega zmianie, gdyż pochodzi z Boskiego objawienia i jest przez wierzącego doświadczane osobiście. Fundamentalna podstawa wiary tkwi zatem w wydarzeniu objawienia, czyli w samoudzielaniu się Trójjedynego Boga. Stąd objawienie należy pojmować nie jako twierdzenie prawdy, ale jako wydarzenie prawdy. Chodzi o osobiste doświadczenie Zmartwychwstałego, a nie wiedzę czy informację o Nim. A zatem język i sposób przekazu musi być ciągle weryfikowany i uwspółcześniany. Natomiast na zawsze prawda pozostaje nie całkowicie uchwycona. Dlatego niniejszy artykuł jest małym przyczynkiem do wypracowywania czwartego rodzaju hermeneutyki – hermeneutyki zmiany substancjalnej, jaka dopuszczałaby jednak zerwanie ciągłości w pewnych punktach, i mimo to nie burzyła tożsamości wiary.
Rocznik Teologiczny
|
2016
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vol. 58
|
issue 2
141-152
RU
Святая Евхаристия стоит в центре соборной жизни Православной Церкви. Соборность выражается в совершении Божественной Литургии, а Божественная Литургия является гарантией правильной соборности. Основой Святой Евхаристии и Соборной Церкви было и остается единство, по примеру единства Святой Троицы. Проявлением евхаристического измерения соборности Церкви является, прежде всего, Ее христологический и экклезиологический, а также пневматологический характер. Евхаристическая и сотериологическая перспективы Православной Церкви постигаются только посредством богослужения и Божественной Литургии.
EN
The Holy Eucharist is placed in the center of conciliar life of the Orthodox Church. Conciliarity is expressed in the celebration of the Divine Liturgy and the Divine Liturgy is the guarantee of the correct conciliarity. The basis for the Holy Eucharist and for the Conciliar Church is always the unity, following the example of the unity of the Holy Trinity. The manifestation of the Eucharistic measurement of the conciliarity of the Church is its Christological and ecclesiological and then also pneumatological character. Eucharistic and soteriological perspective of the Orthodox Church is recognized only through the worship and Divine Liturgy.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2014
|
vol. 8
|
issue 2
141-164
PL
Benedykt XVI pisał o uniwersalnej tęsknocie człowieka do bycia „jak Bóg”. Prarodzice wybrali samoubóstwienie zamiast przebóstwienia z łaski Bożej. Benedykt XVI ukazywał misterium przebóstwienia w perspektywie chrystologicznej. Dokonuje się ono na wzór zjednoczenia dwóch natur w jednej Osobie Syna Bo żego (sobór w Chalcedonie). Lekarstwem na fałszywe rozumienie, czym jest theosis, jest ukazanie drogi do celu: chodzi o posłuszeństwo, które wiedzie przez „bramę Krzyża”. Sposób zjednoczenia dwóch woli (ludzkiej i Boskiej) w Chrystusie jest warunkiem i modelem komunii woli człowieka i Boga (Sobór Konstantynopolitański III).
EN
Benedict XVI wrote about a man’s universal longing to be “like God”. The first parents chose self-divinization instead of divinization by God’s grace. Pope Emeritus showed the mistery of divinization in the Christological perspective. It takes place similarly to the way two natures are united in one Person of the Son of God (the Council of Chalcedon). Showing way to the goal is a remedy for false understanding of what theosis is: it is obedience that leads through “the gate of Cross”. The way two wills (human and divine) are united in one in Christ is a condition and model of communion of God’s will and a man’s one (the Third Council of Constantinople).
Teologia w Polsce
|
2014
|
vol. 8
|
issue 2
141-164
EN
Benedict XVI wrote about a man’s universal longing to be “like God”. The first parents chose self-divinization instead of divinization by God’s grace. Pope Emeritus showed the mistery of divinization in the Christological perspective. It takes place similarly to the way two natures are united in one Person of the Son of God (the Council of Chalcedon). Showing way to the goal is a remedy for false understanding of what theosis is: it is obedience that leads through “the gate of Cross”. The way two wills (human and divine) are united in one in Christ is a condition and model of communion of God’s will and a man’s one (the Third Council of Constantinople).
PL
Benedykt XVI pisał o uniwersalnej tęsknocie człowieka do bycia „jak Bóg”. Prarodzice wybrali samoubóstwienie zamiast przebóstwienia z łaski Bożej. Benedykt XVI ukazywał misterium przebóstwienia w perspektywie chrystologicznej. Dokonuje się ono na wzór zjednoczenia dwóch natur w jednej Osobie Syna Bożego (sobór w Chalcedonie). Lekarstwem na fałszywe rozumienie, czym jest theosis, jest ukazanie drogi do celu: chodzi o posłuszeństwo, które wiedzie przez „bramę Krzyża”. Sposób zjednoczenia dwóch woli (ludzkiej i Boskiej) w Chrystusie jest warunkiem i modelem komunii woli człowieka i Boga (Sobór Konstantynopolitański III).
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