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Forum Philosophicum
|
2009
|
vol. 14
|
issue 2
388-391
EN
The article reviews the book Ludwig Wittgenstein „przydzielony do Krakowa” [Ludwig Witgenstein „Assigned to Krakow”], edited by Józef Bremer and Josef Rothhaupt.
EN
The article is a survey and an attempt to bring closer the questions connected with the education of future tradesmen in Cracow from the 16th century until the first half of the 19th century. Thus far, there has been no thorough study devoted to this topic. In the 16th century, young adepts of trade would start learning this occupation in their father’s business, further family’s business or in the dynamically developing trading houses in Cracow. In the 16th c. and 17th c. there was no merchants’ guild in Cracow, which could oversee the process of learning the “art of trade”. Only the establishment of the Merchants’ Congregation in 1722 brought about changes in this respect. Ultimately, in the new statute of the Congregation from 1833, the new principles of training were formulated. Candidates had to present their birth certificate, the recommending certificate written by their parents or foster parents. Moreover, the candidate had to be able to read, write and calculate in Polish or German. Learning took three years in the 16th and 17th centuries; in the 18th century this period was prolonged, in the 19th century lasted from 4 to 6 years. According to the author, the problem still requires further in-depth research. After the archival query, it seems that there are good possibilities to obtain valuable material connected with mercantile art in Cracow.
PL
Artykuł recenzyjny książki: Kraków. Miejsce i tekst, red. A. Ogonowska i M. Roszczynialska, Kraków 2014.
EN
The review describes various urban motifs explored in this multifarious volume which presents historical and contemporary literary representations of former Polish capital city. What receives further attention is the city’s presence in numerous media and diverse practices of Cracow inhabitants.
EN
This article deals with the co-operation among the Lvov historians studying education system and upbringing within the ministry’s Board for Studies on the History of Upbringing and Education in Poland, operating between 1919 and 1929. Its management was seated in Cracow and it was led by the president of the Polish Academy of Learning, Kazimierz Morawski. As far as the co-operation between the Lvov division and the Cracow headquarters is concerned, the publishing, personal and organizational issues were of the main importance. The first ones were the source of tension connected with far greater expectations for publishing works by the members of the division than it was possible considering the existing Board funds. The leading project undertaken by the Lvov historians, i.e. the history of Galician education system, was not realized, although works had been initiated. The issue of this ambitious endeavour influenced the management’s attitude towards the members of the Lvov division. It was impossible to become more effective due to lack of funds and personal conflicts. In Lvov there were not many fully professional researchers dealing with the history of education and upbringing, thus delays in approving candidates by the headquarters were treated as an obstacle to the works of the division. Its members did not compare their organization to the newly founded divisions in Poznan, Lublin and Vilnius but they referred their potential to Cracow and Warsaw, stating that their efforts were underestimated. The first president of the Lvov division, Kazimierz Twardowski gave up his post after less than two years. His successor, Ferdinand Bostel resigned even faster. Establishing a federation of equal divisions with more representative management was proposed along with the possibility to have an independent publishing and personal policy. Issuing new publishing series (source materials and school monographs) was suggested. Co-operation in this matter between the Cracow headquarters and the ministry of education completely paralyzed the efforts of the Lvov-Warsaw fronde. However, the Lvov historians succeeded in organizing the 150th anniversary of the National Education Board and the death of Stanislaw Konarski celebrated in 1923 and commemorated with publishing a memorial book. After that there was a year-and-a-half break in the work of the division caused by the withdrawal of the most active members. The division was revived but Stanislaw Lempicki’s efforts aiming at enlivening works in the second half of the 1920s did not bring satisfactory results. The horrible situation of the Board deprived of the ministry’s grants and the possibility to print publications meant mere vegetation of the divisions. All this indicated a still relatively weak integration of the circles of Polish education and upbringing historians.
EN
After the parliamentary election in 1947 a considerable proportion of the residents of Cracow province tried to accommodate to the reality that was being imposed by the communists, but without supporting the new authorities. It was easy to believe that the regime organized by the PPR (the communist party) was not a temporary affair. Many were disarmed both ideologically and morally by the conviction that they could not wait until it had collapsed. A huge increase in the number of PPR members in the years 1947 and 1948 was the result of the communists’ ruthless pressure in factories, government agencies, and schools. Employees were threatened with dismissal or demotion. A considerable part of those new members persuaded themselves that they had made the right choice, gaining in this way some sense of mental well -being. In the province of Cracow communist influence varied in particular regions and social groups. Farmers and university graduates were underrepresented. At the end of September 1948, according to overstated data, there were 51 000 members. The PPR in Cracow had different internal problems. The moral level of some activists left much to be desired. So was the quality and activity of the members. Local organisations were mismanaged. Party meetings at different levels were held too rarely. Most party ranks were religious people. Some were involved in the construction of churches or even supported the anticommunist underground movement. Attempts to get rid of all the unwanted, above mentioned members of the Cracow PPR, although partially successful, did not lead to desired results.
EN
This paper aims to present how École Libre des Sciences Politiques in Paris affected the development of political sciences in Poland. Two schools based on the French model were set up in Cracow and Warsaw by Michał Rostworowski and Edmund Jan Reyman, former students of the French school. In this article, the Warsaw School of Political Sciences and the Jagiellonian University’s School of Political Sciences are described from the perspective adopted by Rostworowski in his study devoted to École Libre des Sciences Politiques. The paper describes the attempts to adapt the French model to the Polish conditions and shows two ways of its reception. The Warsaw school gained an academic status and became an all‑Polish centre of political sciences while the school in Cracow was incorporated into the Jagiellonian University and created an academic environment based on the master‑disciple relationship. It marked the beginning of what Marek Sobolewski described as the Cracow school of political sciences.
EN
The article endeavours to analyse calendars published in Cracow for the people: „Landlord’’ (1896–1913), „The Pole’’ (1903–1913), „The Polish Mariański Calendar’’ (1903–1913) and „The Home Country Calendar’’ (1909–1914). Calendars for the people played a key role in the conveyance of various information to the rural community, especially in the second half of the XIX century, after the granting of property rights to peasants, during the period of educational development in the rural areas as well as at the outset of the XX century. For many readers among the masses they often constituted the only form of contact with the written word, the only source of practical information and knowledge of the world. Therefore, its role in the upliftment of education in the rural areas, the dissemination of knowledge about polish history, the question of independence and patriotism cannot be overestimated. At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries they also constituted one of the means of promoting reading in the rural areas.
EN
The article is devoted to the memory of Professor Franciszek Ziejka, Rector of Jagiellonian University (1999–2005) and presents the most important areas of his outstanding activity. The Professor was a historian of literature, an expert in Polish culture of XIX century – especially so called “Young Poland” period – and an excellent promoter of Polish literature and history. He had a significant impact on the development of academic life in Poland, as Chairman of the Conference of Rectors of Academic Schools in Poland and initiator of changes to the regulations governing higher education in Poland. Professor Franciszek Ziejka passed away 19 of July 2020.
EN
The article assesses the effects of the First World War on the population of Cracow, visible in the state and structure of the town’s population. The collected statistical materials (mainly the publications of the City’s Statistical Office) have been used to carry out an annual projection of the size and structure of the city’s population, separately for each sex for the years 1890–1921. The procedure, sometimes called cohort-component method population projection, is based on sectional (periodical) tables of mortality. In that way four projections have been constructed, which allows to separately assess the impact of the war mortality and reproduction on the state and structure of the population and to visualise a hypothetical growth of the city’s population, which would have taken place if the war had not broken out. Thanks to that it is possible to state that the potential population losses of Cracow in 1921 amounted to 8.45% of the 1910 population. Within those losses 7% were civil losses, and only 1.45% were the killed and the missing. The impact of the war on the population was much stronger through intensified mortality, and not through limited reproduction. The ratio between losses caused by changes in mortality and reproduction for the population of Cracow was 70:30. The use of demographic projections has also allowed to identify populational groups especially prone to the increased war mortality. Both in women and in men the biggest part of civil victims of the war were children and youngsters aged 3 to 19 years old and people over 50 years old. The war situation influenced also the values of the synthetic demographic indicators. The life expectancy for women decreased by 25% in 1918 (the record year), and the overall reproduction rate by 47%. In addition to strictly research conclusions, the article has a methodological value, as it shows how the use of demographic projections allows to present the effects of war in the sphere of the population.
EN
Krakow’s Metropolitan Area (KOM), as delineated in the Malopolskie Province Spatial Development Plan, is comprised of 51 municipalities which meet the criteria required by the indicators included in the Plan. Once categorized as a municipality that fits KOM’s criteria, each municipality official had the opportunity to sign an agreement that would confirm their desire to be part of KOM. This decision is completely voluntary as no administrative writ has been imposed. The freewill of this choice is worth underlining because it reflects upon the effectiveness of KOM. The socioeconomic variation between KOM municipalities may significantly affect the interpretation of the notion “metropolitan area,” its general approval, and the decisions made by the participating municipalities, which are not always congruent with KOM’s needs. The main goal of this article is to analyze differences in the level of municipalities’ socio-economic development and to identify the benefits of KOM adherence. This research compares public services fruition and utilization in the municipalities with those in Krakow’s Metropolitan Area as a whole. KOM’s municipalities are very diverse as far as socio-economic development is concerned, something mainly shaped by natural environment conditions, various economic developmental goals (connected with existing economic and social potential) and the available technical infrastructure equipment. The present activities by the municipalities’ governments concerning public services are not in accordance with the ideals offered by KOM. This situation results from the large size of Krakow’s Metropolitan Area, semiformal groups of interest lobby and a lack of genuine bonds between most of KOM’s municipalities.
PL
Krakowski obszar metropolitalny (KOM), wyznaczony w Planie zagospodarowania przestrzennego województwa małopolskiego, składa się z 51 gmin, które spełniają kryteria określone miernikami zawartymi w planie. Akces do obszaru metropolitalnego – w postaci podpisanego przez przedstawicieli danej gminy porozumienia – był wyrazem woli tej gminy, a nie został wymuszony nakazem administracyjnym. Fakt ten trzeba uwypuklić, ponieważ dobrowolność akcesu ma swoje implikacje w funkcjonowaniu KOM. Społeczno-gospodarcze zróżnicowanie gmin może bowiem wpłynąć na interpretacje samego pojęcia „obszar metropolitalny”, jak i na ogólna akceptacje idei rozwoju regionu oraz na decyzje całej aglomeracji. Artykuł analizuje różnice w poziomie rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego gmin przynależnych do KOM oraz przedstawia Wpływ tej struktury w zakresie realizacji usług publicznych w gminach, przy uwzględnieniu całego obszaru metropolitalnego Krakowa. Podkreślić należy, że nie wszystkie działania gmin w sferze usług publicznych są zgodne z idea KOM – sytuacja ta wynika z dużego rozmiaru krakowskiego obszaru metropolitalnego, oddziaływania semiformalnych grup interesów i lobby, a  także z braku więzi między większością gmin KOM.
Biuletyn Historii Sztuki
|
2013
|
vol. 75
|
issue 2
175-212
EN
After a brilliant development in the 14 th and early 15 th c., there occurred a slowdown in the architecture of Lesser Poland. The new foundations were no longer as sumptuous as the works founded under King Casimir the Great, being generally limited to alterations, renovations, or adding chapels or porches. However, over the discussed period also a number of significant vaulted structures were constructed; these, interesting in their shape, unequivocally question the negative opinion on the quality of Lesser Poland’s architecture in the mid-15 th c. Three most monumental of them, representing different style tendencies, are discussed in the article. The first is the vault in St. Mary’s Church’s chancel rebuilt in 1442 by the master mason Czisper of Kazimierz. The second is the choir vault of the Cracow Church of the Augustinians in Kazimierz, reconstructed after the destruction it suffered in the 1443 earthquake. The latest among the discussed group is the chancel vault in the Dominican Church depending on Parlerian prototypes, and built after the fire of 1462
EN
Using data collected during the inter-war period, the article seeks to identify long-term biological effects of food shortages and the increased incidence of contagious diseases during the First World War on a population of pupils of Cracow schools. This goal is achieved through an analysis of the remaining source materials from 1919–33 concerning the height of the population in question. The study found that the impact of the war manifests itself in a lower average height of pupils born in 1915 and in delayed puberty among the cohorts of 1912–15. The article also lists the potential consequences of such drastic long-term effects of the war.
EN
On 25–27th September 1912, scientific and clergy circles in Cracow hosted the Catholic Congress to commemorate Piotr Skarga. It constituted the main element of the Polish commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Piotr Skarga’s death. Beyond-partitions nature of the meeting was reflected in the composition of the organizing committee, the issues discussed, and the resolutions passed. The Congress also provided an opportunity to manifest the connections between Polish circles in public. The Congress’ commemoration of Piotr Skarga should also be considered as an element of a reliable method that allowed scientific and socio-professional circles to establish and maintain contacts beyond partitions.
CS
The theme of the value of work and of the importance of the work in human life in the People’s Republic of Poland was the subject of consideration of many scientific milieu of those times. What was in reality the position of the intelligentsia — both in social and economical spheres — in the postwar Poland? What were the possibilities of a choosing a profession, of obtaining an ideal position and developing one’s scientific career? How were their careers affected by their social class and their political views? What in the end was the priority or position of professional work in their private lives.
EN
This article describes the dhikr practices in the Northern Sudan. It consists in various ecstatic prayers, dances, songs and litanies, in which God’s names are being repeated many times. These practices are well known all over the Muslim world. While in Europe they are popular called “dervish dances”. First, the role and fundamental — “classical” elements of the ritual are explained — in context of Muslim world and the Sudan alike. Afterwards the description of the dhikr is presented. The author — both being eye-witness of these practices and conducting interviews about them, gives descriptions of two different versions of the rite. In the second part of the article there is a confrontation of common and dissimilar items of both practices and a try for their interpretation. The text shows a complex role and different contexts of the dhikr in religious life of Sudanese society. It also portrays different forms, which this rite can adobe and strength of its expression.
EN
Akademickie Koło Kresowe existed for 17 years (1922-1939) as an organization for students coming from Kresy (Eastern Borderlands of Poland), studying at Krakow’s universities (in the years 1922-1923 and 1933-1939 Association functioned as an institution gathering only the academic community of the Jagiellonian University, and in the years 1923-1933 and 1939 as an intercollegiate organization). The organization had more than 750 students for the period of its existence. They found here a help (accommodation, meals, grants and loans), a forum for exchanging ideas (mainly in the context of the situation of Kresy in a past and currently), a place of entertainment social (balls, fun, holidays, mountain tours), and even a substitute for the family (long friendships, marriages). Among the famous members of the Association should be mentioned such a person as: father Władysław Bukowiński, prof. Karol Górski, journalist Ksawery Pruszyński, painter Józef Czapski and many others. This article tries on the basis of Jagiellonian University Archive’s records to reconstruct the history of the organization, its ideological assumptions, structure, financial situation and fields of activity. In the end, it tries to answer the question of what importance were Kresy in later life of members of the Association and how they perceive Kresy.
Ikonotheka
|
2017
|
vol. 27
171-186
EN
Renaissance publishers very often directly addressed the readers of the books that were published in their printing houses. In various dedications, prefaces, afterwords, etc., they presented the broad behind-the-scenes view of their editorial efforts, thus in this suggestive way attempting to shape universal views on the status and significance of ars artium. These authorial texts are an important source of information regarding the editors’ scholarly, social and professional contacts, as well as of the circumstances in which the various texts were created and all kinds of issues the editors encountered in their endeavours to publish them. Together with the development of the art of printing, an increasing amount of attention was given to the illustrations that were to accompany the texts. A critical analysis of these allegedly autobiographical texts must, of course, take under consideration their extreme subjectivism and reputation-building rhetorical strategies, which at times were highly conventional. Nevertheless, the intentional self-exposure contained in these texts reveals to us either the real or proclaimed intentions and frustrations of Renaissance publishers. An examination of authorial texts by Cracow publishers indicates that the issues of book illustration began to more clearly impinge on the publishers’ awareness in the second half of the 16th century. Interestingly, their direct statements on this topic, even though few, clearly show their critical approach to the images that were included in their own publications. An analysis of the contents of those texts, supported by an investigation of the pictorial material in question, shows that the publishers’ objections were not only conventional expressions of modesty, but an indication of their growing awareness of how complex the matter of book illustration truly was; these publishers understood that the functions of book illustrations varied and transcended a simple pictorial interpretation of the text. The forewords written by the Szarfenbergers (Biblia Leopolity, 1561; Herbarz, to iest ziół tutecznych, postronnych y zamorskich opisanie by Marcin Siennik, 1568) and Jan Januszowski (Ikones Książąt y Królów Polskich x. Jana Głuchowskiego, 1605) reveal the extent of their awareness of the current professional challenges and transformations in expectations concerning book illustrations, which mirrored, perhaps even on a  magnified scale, the central artistic and cognitive challenges of the era. An analysis of these texts reveals that the publishers were well aware of the conflicts between creeds, in which the intellectual and polemic potential of images was often brought into play. They were also conscious of the cognitive qualities of illustrations and cognizant of theories regarding the mimetic nature of art. Another topic recurring in their forewords was that of the difficulties connected with finding a qualified woodblock cutter. Financial problems were an integral part of the history of early printing, and the topic of (excessive) expenses connected with preparing a large set of woodcuts is equally noticeable in these forewords, thus showing that Renaissance Cracow was not an exception to this rule. Thanks to these authorial confessions of Cracow publishers, a growing circle of recipients was increasingly more aware of the “art of the book”, i.e. of the complex processes of editing a text and the value of its appropriate presentation.
EN
The rules of the reservation. On the book Jewish Poland Revisited by Erica Lehrer The paper offers a review of Erica Lehrer’s Jewish Poland Revisited, a publication presenting outcomes of an anthropological research on Jewish-Polish memory projects in Cracow's former Jewish district of Kazimierz. In a discussion of the book's theses, the author critically analyses Lehrer's postulate of 'ethnography of possibility' and the resultant strategy of approval for contemporary Kazimierz as a 'space of encounter' alongside with its rules of participation, imposed by the Polish proprietors of the district on its visitors.The article focuses on two such rules that condition a visitor’s possibility of participation in shrinking public spaces of Kazimierz. First of these laws is discussed as an imperative of abandoning the immediacy of district's physical space and its histories signified by the surviving built environment. Instead, Lehrer introduces a conceptual division of "social" and "physical" spaces, which leads to silencing of otherwise immediately present evidence of the violent past. The second rule is analyzed as a requirement of accepting the contemporary Polish owners’ role of 'brokers" and "purveyors" of Jewish heritage, consequential with an approval of a doubtful legal and moral title to the appropriated spaces.Through focusing on these rules of participation that determine and perpetuate the conditionality of Jewish presence in the space of Kazimierz, the author argues for a necessity of questioning and re-defining the traditional divisions of disciplines that establish conceptual separations of "social" and "built" spaces, as well as for a necessity of a critical outlook on contemporary Central European understandings of "heritage". Such an inquiry is discussed as conditional for overcoming the largely avoided yet still present "heritages" in the history of Polish-Jewish relations: the traditions of violence and exclusion, either social and spatial. Regulamin rezerwatu. O książce Jewish Poland Revisited Eriki LehrerArtykuł stanowi recenzję książki Jewish Poland Revisited Eriki Lehrer, prezentującej wyniki antropologicznych badań na temat żydowsko-polskich projektów pamięci realizowanych w byłej dzielnicy żydowskiej na krakowskim Kazimierzu. Omawiając tezy pracy, autor poddaje krytycznej analizie proponowany przez Lehrer projekt etnografii możliwości i wynikającą z niego strategię akceptacji współczesnego Kazimierza jako przestrzeni spotkania, za którą idzie akceptacja zasad uczestnictwa narzuconych gościom przez polskich zarządców Kazimierza.W artykule rozpatrywane są dwie takie zasady, warunkujące możliwość uczestnictwa gościa w kurczącej się przestrzeni publicznej Kazimierza. Pierwszą z nich autor opisuje jako nakaz porzucenia bezpośrednio dostępnej, fizycznej przestrzeni dzielnicy i niesionych przez nią historii, których znakiem jest ocalała zabudowa. W to miejsce Lehrer wprowadza podział na przestrzeń społeczną i fizyczną, skutkiem czego stłumione zostają ślady brutalnej przeszłości, w przeciwnym razie bezpośrednio obecne. Drugą zasadę autor odtwarza jako wymóg akceptacji roli współczesnych polskich właścicieli jako brokerów i pośredników żydowskiego dziedzictwa, co w konsekwencji pociąga za sobą akceptację ich wątpliwych prawnie i moralnie roszczeń do zawłaszczonej przestrzeni.Skupienie uwagi na regulaminie uczestnictwa, który ustanawia i utrzymuje warunkowy charakter żydowskiej obecności w przestrzeni Kazimierza, prowadzi autora do wniosku o konieczności rewaluacji i redefinicji tradycyjnego rozdziału dyscyplin, który tworzy konceptualny podział na społeczne przestrzenie i architektoniczne obiekty, oraz do krytycznego namysłu nad obowiązującym obecnie w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej rozumieniem pojęcia „dziedzictwo”. Tego rodzaju poszukiwanie uznaje autor za warunek przezwyciężenia ignorowanego zwykle, choć mimo wszystko obecnego w polsko-żydowskich stosunkach „dziedzictwa”: tradycji przemocy i wykluczenia, tak społecznego, jak i przestrzennego. 
EN
The phenomenon of the metropolization belongs to the most important development processes in the contemporary world. It can be observed also in the Cracow Urban Functional Area. The cohesion policy of the European Union renders assistance to Polish cities in order to strengthen their capabilities to deal with that phenomenon. The relevant new development instrument is the Integrated Territorial Investment, implemented in the current programming period of the EU. The present paper is an example of the on-going participant observation, related to the author’s contribution in the preparation of the Cracow Development Strategy and also of the Strategy of Integrated Territorial Investment for the Cracow Urban Functional Area. The conclusions describe the current understanding of the development processes in big Polish cities in the context of the metropolization.
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