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EN
The article deals with a linguistic approach to the subject of interpersonal interactions and the use of metaphors as a rhetorical techniques in the scientific register. The aim of this text is to describe the role of conceptual metaphors in scientific texts dealing with the theory of interactionism. Within the analysis of the linguistic and stylistic layer of theoretical studies of interactionism, the author will identify analogies between the particular aspects of interactions and source domains, which affect the constitution of certain forms of social cognition and thus the construction of knowledge. The study follows the methodological approach of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).
EN
In his interdisciplinary work Ideology (1998), Teun A. van Dijk proposes to study ideology as a cognitive, social and linguistic enterprise. Such an integrative approach is assumed to model interfaces between social structure and cognition through discourse. The notion of ideology it presupposes may be described as shared social representations (group self-schemata), which become a group's defining attributes, and govern its ideological expression in discourse. It seems that this approach can be productively applied to a study of ideological relations in the discourses of multicultural societies, such as Britain.In the wake of the London bombings in July 2005, the British rightwing quality weekly the Spectator published a series of articles raising alarming questions about the misguided ideological priorities of modern Britain, and envisioning a deepening crisis of national identity. According to the magazine, the heritage and values of mainstream British society are being endangered by the political promotion of multiculturalism. This in turn has instigated terrorist threats from Islamic extremists, who have been nurtured by the British welfare state and emboldened by its permissive policies. Thus the increasing ideological split between the militancy of the non-integrated Muslim minority in Britain and the decadence of national culture has become the subject of a number of articles. As a result, one of the pervasive discursive mechanisms emerging in the publication has been an ideological confrontation between "us" and "them"The aim of the present study is to survey the pragmatic and rhetorical devices used to construct the image of British society tied in a discursive struggle to define its modern identity-oscillating between the ideals of multiculturalism and the ideology of nationalism. The material for the study is taken from over fifteen articles that come from three subsequent issues of the Spectator published on 16, 23, and 30 July 2005. The methodological framework of the study draws on the research procedures of Critical Discourse Analysis accommodated to the analysis of ideological discourse in the press.
EN
The year 1989 marks the beginning of sweeping political, economic and social changes in Poland. Since that time an expansion of women into top professional positions can be observed. Data from the last national census (2002) clearly indicate that women in Poland are better educated than their male counterparts, increasingly careeroriented as well as aggressively pursuing managerial occupations. A modern woman is, by popular belief, no longer obliged to conform to the so-called dominant (Coates 1997) or emphasized (Connell 1987) [i.e. hegemonic] form of femininity. There appears to be greater social latitude for her professional development. The paper explores whether print advertisements (playing a crucial role in the construction of social identities) of certain products incorporate new powerful discourse of femininity. The three advertised products and services (cars, telephones, and banking) selected for the analysis have been commonly associated in Poland with the dominant form of masculinity. Consequently, it is interesting to examine whether women function there, and if so, how. The analyzed advertisements have been collected over the period of one year from three magazines addressed to the emerging Polish middle class. Drawing on Goffman's concepts of function ranking and ritualization of subordination as well as Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), I will attempt to determine whether the selected print advertisements reflect the new femininity in Poland.
PL
The main purpose of this paper is to present the specific character of educational discourse in terms of the critical (CDA) and critically-oriented discourse analysis (E. Laclau and Ch. Mouffe) and to identify issues and problems that affect research concerning the discursive construction of identity. My main subjects of interest, and the key notions for the discourse-oriented pedagogy, are identity and knowledge. I will try to show how in spite of the relevance of those two notions, the use of discourse analysis in pedagogical research forces us to transcend the narrowly defined disciplinary boundaries. When it is analyzed in a critical manner the thing we call “educational discourse” expands considerably, affecting the scope of both theoretical and research-oriented interests of pedagogy itself. With regard to identity and knowledge, I try to show the inadequacies of the often employed theories of E. Laclau, Ch. Mouffe and M. Foucaul, for analysis of identification processes. I argue that those processes may be successfully analyzed using the CDA framework. The issue of structural constraints that is addressed in CDA, in combination with Laclau’s theory of affective investment allow for a more comprehensive study of the conditions of possibility of the processes of identification.
PL
The aim of the article is to present the theory of social representations which is not well-known in the Polish pedagogy and which may constitute an interesting theoretical and methodological perspective for the study of the educational discourse. The theory itself is interdisciplinary and therefore may be useful in research carried out within various academic disciplines both in the humanities and social sciences. Theoretical analyses will also concern the possibilities of conducting research of educational discourse within the framework of the social representation theory with the application of the collective biography writing which may be perceived as the critical discourse analysis.
XX
The aim of the article is to shed light on ongoing situation about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through the lenses of newspaper heading analysis. Newspapers manipulate newspapers heading to persuade and influence public opinion so that political actions may be carried out. Unfortunately, such manipulation can lead to drastic consequences such as violent solutions. Through discourse analysis this study compares and contrasts different newspapers and magazines headlines of the Palestinian Israeli conflict. The researcher has used these newspapers and magazines to show attitudinal differences as reflected in discourses of the newspapers. The researcher collected his data from newspapers and magazines through the Internet. The newspapers and the magazines belong to two communities, each of which has its point of view regarding the conflict. Four major key concepts have emerged in the data: OCCUPATION, TERRORISM, SETTLEMENTS, and PEACE PROCESS. Through talking about these concepts and events, analysis of news headlines, grammatical and lexical metaphor, euphemism, stereotypes, and other rhetoric and linguistic devices are used to achieve intentions.
EN
This paper analyses news reports of “Bring Back Our Girls” campaign in Nigerian newspapers. The “Bring Back Our Girls” advocacy group was formed to pressure the Nigerian government to intensify efforts to rescue the over two hundred school girls abducted by Boko Haram insurgents at Chibok, Borno State, north east Nigeria. The abduction which took place in April 2014 and the subsequent campaign to release the girls received global media attention including many newspapers in the country. The study therefore analyses the schematic directions, discursive strategies and context of the discourse reports of “Bring Back Our Girls” campaigns in Nigerian newspapers using critical discourse analysis. The corpus was purposively selected from three nationally circulating newspapers: Leadership, New Telegraph and Daily Trust published from1st May to 31st July, 2014. Descriptive design was adopted using Fairclough (1995) model of critical discourse analysis. Findings show that narration and criticism constitute the dominant schematic directions of newspaper reports of the campaign; on the discursive strategy, it is found out that rationalization, narrativisation and argumentation account for 80% of the discourse and the context revealed that there is negative use of language because the campaigners and the then government of the day were loggerheads over the issue. The study concludes that due to high prevalence of criticism and rationalization in the corpus, the discourse the text of newspaper report of Bring Back Our Girls campaign largely reflected the narrative and argument of the group against the government which has responsibility to protect and rescue the abducted girls.
EN
Topos (topoi in plural) is one of the most widely-used concepts from classical argumentation theory (dating back to Aristotle and Cicero). It found its way not only in philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and linguistics; it found its way in everyday life and everyday conversation as well.In this article, I will examine the role that topoi play in Critical Discourse Analysis. Starting with definitions from Aristotle and Cicero, contrasting them with new conceptualisations by Perelman and Toulmin, and examining the superficial use of topoi in everyday conversation, I will try to show that Critical Discourse Analysis (especially Ruth Wodak's Discourse-Historical Approach) relies mostly on simplified, unreflected use of topoi as found in everyday use, thus neglecting much more productive, theoretical elaborations of the concept.
EN
Although he used to be praised by the West as a modernizer of Turkey, Erdoğan’s mode and discourse of governance have changed drastically over the last decade – he now employs severe counter-democratic measures and exclusionary, populist discourses. This article explores Erdoğan’s rule, focusing in particular on the discourses he promotes in order to keep power and attain increasing electoral support. In an analysis based on the theoretical foundations of Critical Discourse Analysis, Erdoğan’s reign is characterized by specific, exclusionary discourses, from creating the discursive Other established as the enemy and engaging in conspiracy discourses, to openly chastising and castigating his political opponents, while his popularity continues to increase.
EN
This article examines the discursive construction of Scottish and British-English national identities in the printed press within the context of the planned Scottish independence referendum. Using Critical Discourse Analysis and informed by sociological and anthropological research, the study uses a Corpus Linguistics approach to analyse newspaper texts from the Scottish and British printed media to define the strategies used in the construction and disarticulation of these identities and the ideologies behind them. The results of the analysis will show that the Scottish broadsheets use a staunchly Scottish rhetoric with frequent examples of nation flagging, showing the palpable struggle for power and a certain sense of inferiority. Inadvertently or otherwise, these newspapers engender a sense of separateness by employing techniques of positive in-group identification. The Scottish editions of UK broadsheets, on the contrary, hold a more Anglocentric perspective and their treatment of the referendum is more political than ideological, frequently attributing negative evaluations to the independence issue and engaging in the practice of "tartanisation". To conclude, the UK broadsheets tend to provide a more balanced and objective point of view, thus being at the political centre of the social debate enacted by the referendum and the subsequent possible independence of Scotland.
EN
For over two decades now, Zimbabwe has been rocked by socio-political and economic crises, which, together, project a troubling scenario of state failure. The solution to these multiple crises, which have retarded peacebuilding and development, is not yet in sight since the country is still struggling to recover and reclaim its glory of yester-year within Southern Africa. Religion is a bedrock of principles, values and norms that can be used in nation-building in Zimbabwe. The essential notions from religious belief systems of honesty, transparency, accountability and forgiveness, can be utilised to reconfigure and reconceptualise Zimbabwean humanity. Similarly, communication is one of the main pillars of nation-building; hence, the fundamental role of language in peacebuilding and development cannot be relegated or overstated. The key purpose of this study hinges on the imperative to rethink the role of both religion and language in nation-building discourse in Zimbabwe. This study is informed by insights from Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), which views discourse as socio-political and cultural practice. Thus, the study takes cognisance of the complex nature of language and discourse as sites of struggle, contradictions and projection of socio-political power relations hence, contextual factors that inform Zimbabwe’s present political realm are useful in debating the present subject. Although language and religion have always been contested and considered divisive aspects, if accorded careful attention, these two can be instrumental in bringing peace, unity and nation-building. Religion and language are of paramount importance in the discourses of peacebuilding, unity and development in contemporary Zimbabwe.
PL
A war on terrorism was verbally declared by US President G.W. Bush on 11 September 2001. This declaration was a response to the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. The crash of the two planes, people throwing themselves from the burning towers, the smoke and the panic evoked enormous emotions. It highlighted shortly afterwards the distinction between the“us” and “them”. “Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make. Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists. From this day forward, any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime” (Bush, 2001). In this communication we will argue that the speeches on terrorism, which have been part of American politics for a long period of time, are finding their place in the Middle East. The emergence of Daesh reframed the speeches in this part of the world and created a new terminology of modern Islam, real Islam, etc. These speeches became the way that leaders of countries use to justify their participation in the war against this entity. Among these countries is Jordan. In this paper, we will focus on the construction of identities of “us” and “them” used in the propaganda of Daesh and the speeches of king Abdullah II especially after the horrible death of the Jordanian Pilot Muath Al Kassassbeh using the Critical Discourse Analysis Methods.
EN
A Discursive Image of the Refugee: A Case Study from the Municipal Election Campaign in PolandThis article presents a discursive image of the refugee which emerges from comments of Polish Facebook users. The author applies a detailed case study method to analyse several comments on an electoral campaign spot published by one of the candidates for the Mayor of Warsaw, Patryk Jaki. Specialised institutions and organisations considered it a case of xenophobic hate speech. Using analytical tools of Critical Discourse Analysis, the article deconstructs two positions emerging in the discussion: pro- and anti-refugee. A close examination of these two standpoints reveals not only differences but also similarities between them. It seems that one feature they share is the perception of refugees’ (lack of) agency. Dyskursywny obraz uchodźcy – studium przypadku samorządowej kampanii wyborczej w PolsceNiniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest badaniu dyskursywnego obrazu „uchodźcy”, jaki rysuje się na podstawie analizy komentarzy polskich użytkowników i użytkowniczek Facebooka. W badaniu zastosowano metodę bardzo szczegółowego case study wypowiedzi, jakie pojawiły się w związku ze spotem wyborczym jednego z kandydatów na prezydenta Warszawy, Patryka Jakiego, którego publikacja uznana została przez organizacje zajmujące się tematem za przejaw mowy nienawiści wobec uchodźców i uchodźczyń. Narzędziem analizy była Krytyczna Analiza Dyskursu. Celem artykułu jest w szczególności dekonstrukcja dwóch rysujących się w tej dyskusji stanowisk określonych pomocniczo mianem „pro-” i „antyuchodźczego” – przyjrzenie się temu, na czym polegają różnice pomiędzy nimi, oraz, co bardziej istotne, w jakich aspektach wykazują podobieństwa i zbieżności. Tych drugich doszukać się można między innymi w tym, w jaki sposób kształtuje się w analizowanych ramach dyskursywnych kwestia (braku) sprawczości uchodźców.
Świat i Słowo
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2014
|
vol. 12
|
issue (1)22
87-98
EN
The text discusses the possibility of applying the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) into the research of various communication phenomena. Methodologically the author refers to the CDA version of its precursor, Norman Fairclough, as well as to the Public Relations conceptual apparatus. The research is based on the combination of basic elements of Public Relations social practice with semiological structure that is identified as genres, discourses and styles, which are then recognized as the specific order of discourse. Such a frame enables the author, on the one hand, to present a clear description of the analyzed phenomena, and on the other hand, allows to apply a interdisciplinary approach to them. To illustrate how this approach works the author analyses the famous case of Fr. Piotr Natanek from Grzechynia near MakówPodhalański and his involvement in the enthronization movement and his conflict with the Archbishop of Cracow.
EN
This study focuses on articulation of national identity on social media, specifically Twitter. First, it tackles discursive and other devices employed by politicians in order to negotiate national identity on social media platforms such as Twitter. Second, the study tries to identify whether populist rhetoric strategies are adopted to disseminate political agenda through social media and if and how these contribute to the articulation of national identity. The article takes a case study of Twitter accounts of current highest political representatives of the United States and Canada, Donald Trump and Justin Trudeau, respectively. Drawing methodologically mainly on Teun van Dijk’s ideological square (1998), it aims to show that national and political agendas are often intertwined and inherently connected. The findings suggest, however, that, even though the techniques are often similar, the extent and purpose of their employment varies.
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2021
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vol. 17
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issue 2
38-68
EN
The subject of the article concerns the issue of constructing and reconstructing national identity. The object of interest here is a sociological case study of Serbian national identity. It includes reconstruction and interpretation of in-depth interviews conducted in Serbia with the representatives of Serbian symbolic elites. The concept of symbolic elites is approached in the discussed research from Teun van Dijk’s perspective. Thus, they are individuals and groups directly involved in the production of public opinion, who have an impact on the content of publicly available knowledge, and the creation and legitimization of public discourse. The work is embedded in the methodological framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and is based on the assumptions of the Discourse‐Historical Approach (DHA). In this optics, the most important thing is the historical and social context of the studied process of the discursive construction of national identity. Therefore, the conclusions also touch upon the historical, political, and social perspective of the formation of Serbian national identity. The reflection also aims at presenting the analysis from the contemporary perspective (mainly in 2008-2020). Thus, paying attention to the political divisions in Serbia and the country’s road to democratization and European integration, the discussed research study shows the comprehensive specifics of the studied national identity.
PL
Na przełomie XX i XXI wieku za dominujące podejście w badaniach tożsamości narodowej można uznać krytyczną analizę dyskursu (critical discourse analysis - CDA), zakładającą, że naród jest wyobrażalnym społeczeństwem utrzymywanym w sposób dyskursywny. Trzeba ponadto dodać, iż CDA łamie dotychczasowe wyobrażenie o dychotomii między narodami politycznymi a kulturalnymi, ponieważ uważa, że jest ona konstruktem zbudowanym przez rywalizujące partie narodowe. Jeżeli większość badaczy wykorzystujących CDA ogranicza swoje podejścia do nowoczesnego kontekstu XX wieku, należy postawić pytanie, czy i w jakim stopniu można stosować owe metody w badaniach przednowoczesnych tożsamości narodowych. Wyjaśnienie tej kwestii należy uznać za główny cel niniejszej pracy. Jako odpowiedni przykład wybrano polski naród szlachecki, gdyż jego elity zmuszone były do refleksji nie tylko nad utratą własnej państwowości i z nią związanej kwestii przyszłego rozwoju, lecz także nad przyczynami własnego niepowodzenia. Analiza starć pomiędzy konserwatywnymi interpretacjami narodu w XIX wieku powinna bowiem rozstrzygnąć, kto był przez ich pryzmat uważany za Polaka oraz w jakim stopniu owa tożsamość narodowa wywodziła się ze wzorców ideologicznych i dyskursywnych.
EN
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) can be considered the contemporary, dominant approach to the study of national identity, which presupposes that a nation is an imagined community which is produced and reproduced discursively. Moreover, CDA denies the traditional dichotomy between political and cultural nations, which is viewed solely as a purpose-built consequence of power. With regard to the fact that most researchers who use CDA limit their approaches to the modern context of the 20th century, it is desirable to ask to what extent one can apply methods of CDA to pre-modern national identities. The clarification of this issue should be deemed the main aim of this study, which holds that the Polish aristocratic nation is a convenient case for this kind of research, because its elites had to reflect not only the loss of statehood, and thus the programme of future desired development, but also the causes of previous failure. The analysis of the conflicts between conservative national attitudes during the 19th century should therefore define who was considered a Pole and to what extent national identity was based on ideological and discursive assumptions.
18
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Ruth Wodaková

63%
EN
The paper introduces Ruth Wodak’s professional career in the research area of discourse analysis, it describes the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) to discourse analysis via its key concepts (discourse, context, interdisciplinarity). On the basis of two case studies, it shows how the application of DHA on particular discourses looks like.
CS
Příspěvek představuje odborné působení Ruth Wodakové v oblasti analýzy diskurzu, popisuje klíčové charakteristiky diskurzivně-historického přístupu (diskurz, kontext, interdisciplinarita) a na dvou případových studiích ukazuje, jak vypadá aplikace tohoto přístupu v praxi.
PL
Artykuł podnosi kwestię nadużyć kategorialnych mających charakter metafor zapożyczonych z obszaru psychiatrii do opisania zjawisk z innych dziedzin życia społecznego i przywołujących kontekst medykalizacji, obejmującej swym zasięgiem coraz szersze obszary doświadczenia jednostki i grup społecznych. Wykorzystując założenia teoretyczne i model analizy dyskursu T. van Dijka, przeprowadzono analizę materiału prasowego opublikowanego w okresie sześciu lat na łamach jednego z wiodących dzienników uwzględniającą badanie znaczeń, strategii dyskursywnych, siły oddziaływania oraz tła społecznego wybranych komunikatów. Wnioski z badania pozwoliły sformułować hipotezę o pseudopsychiatryzacji w dyskursie elit symbolicznych jako strategii regulowania relacji władzy w sferze publicznej, a także wskazać konsekwencje wynikające z takich praktyk dyskursywnych tej grupy nadawców.
EN
This article addresses the issue of a categorical misuse in the form of taking metaphors from the field of psychiatry in order to describe phenomena from other domains of social life. Such linguistic practices relate to the process of medicalization, which embraces ever more domains of experience of both individuals and social groups. Based on T. van Dijk’s theoretical assumptions and analytical model, the article presents an analysis of press releases published over a six-year period in one of the leading Polish journals. The analysis includes verification of meanings, discursive strategies, and the impact and social background of chosen articles. The study’s results suggest that the pseudopsychiatrization in the discourse of symbolic elites is a strategy regulating power relations in the public sphere, and the article examines the consequences of such discursive practices in this group of senders.
EN
Numerous examples of research in the field of pedagogics which are using critical approach to discourse analysis show the diversity in theoretical background and methodology. An example of a group of critical approaches is Critical Discourse Analysis. The general framework of Critical Discourse Analysis is important both for maintaining the identity of CDA, thereby highlighting the reasonableness of this group of approaches, and for dissemination of knowledge concerning it, especially among less experienced researchers. The paper presents the basic assumptions of Critical Discourse Analysis and their implications for educational research as well as practical guidelines to apply to the CDA approach, which is represented by Ruth Wodak.
PL
Liczne przykłady badań prowadzonych w obszarze pedagogiki, w których zastosowano krytyczne podejścia do analizy dyskursu, wykazują zróżnicowanie pod względem przyjmowanego zaplecza teoretycznego oraz metodologii. Przykładem grupy podejść zorientowanych krytycznie jest krytyczna analiza dyskursu. Ogólne ramy krytycznej analizy dyskursu mają znaczenie zarówno dla zachowania odrębności KAD, a przez to sensowności wyróżniania tej grupy podejść, jak i upowszechnienia wiedzy na ten temat, zwłaszcza wśród mniej doświadczonych badaczy i badaczek. W artykule przedstawiono założenia bazowe krytycznej analizy dyskursu wraz z ich implikacjami dla badań pedagogicznych. Skonstruowano również praktyczne wskazówki do zastosowania podejścia do KAD reprezentowanego przez Ruth Wodak.
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