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EN
This work calls into question the traditional view of historiography featuring Francisco de Arango, undisputed leader of the Cuban elite between 1790 and 1820, as the main responsible for the economic boom of Cuba during this period. The author’s view is that the success of Arango’s economic liberalization proposals for Cuba should be valued instead as the culmination of a process that began decades before at the initiative of the most advanced government faction in the monarchy. The most original contribution of Arango resides in the introduction of a new way of making politics and in being the first Cuban politician in the modern sense.
ES
En este trabajo se discute la postura tradicional de la historiogra­a que presenta a Francisco de Arango, líder indiscutible de la elite cubana entre 1790 y 1820, como el principal responsable del boom económico de Cuba en ese periodo. La opinión del autor es que el éxito de las propuestas liberalizadoras de Arango para la economía cubana hay que valorarlas más bien como la culminación de un proceso que se inició décadas antes por iniciativa de la facción más moderna del gobierno de la monarquía. Lo realmente original de Arango radica en la introducción de un nuevo modo de hacer política y en ser el primer político cubano en sentido moderno.
EN
Among the emblematic cities of Latin America, Havana distinguishes itself with a peculiar characteristic: it ascended from a particularly miserable infancy to a true metropolis through its role in trade intermediation. This article analyzes the early stage of this evolution, when Havana assumed its dual condition of border: an outpost of the Spanish Empire facing other rival empires and an interface for Spanish Empire/ world and the emerging new economy/world. This condition triggered an intense process of accumulation and converted Havana into a flourishing metropolis at the center of the most formidable agro-exporting complex of its time, while simultaneously modeling a peculiar cultural matrix that has defined Havana as a typical port city.
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Rasa czarna a tożsamość kubańska

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EN
Many historians point to an important role of race in the shaping of the Cuban identity and culture. Taking as a starting point the view that national identity is dynamic and negotiable, i.e. influenced by the elite’s ‘national project’ and negotiated from below, the article focuses on the role of Afro-Cubans in the formation of Cuban identity until 1959, especially on the period 1898-1940. This article looks at the concept of lo cubano as understood by the Cuban elites as well as the way in which Afro-Cubans actively negotiated their place in the Cubansociety.
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México frente a la expulsión de Cuba de la OEA

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EN
Since the meeting at Punta del Este in 1962, in which Mexico voted against the expulsion of Cuba from OAS, both countries maintained a relationship which was exceptional in a double sense: Mexico did not break with Cuba and Cuba did not intervene in Mexico. The exceptional character of their relationship had an important consequence for both of them: Mexicans never suffered the trauma of guerilla warfare – and its corollary: repressive war – and Cubans were never totally isolated from Latin America. It also had, of course, a significant effect on their relationship with the United States: both countries, through their friendship, reaffirmed their nationalism against the hegemonic power in North America. The article recounts and analyzes the details of the meeting at Punta del Este.
ES
Este trabajo analiza la relación entre la Iglesia católica y el Estado en Cuba desde el inicio del proceso revolucionario (1959) hasta nuestros días. En este sentido, nos fijamos en tres momentos claves: la tensión y la distancia a raíz de la transición al socialismo desarrollado en el país; el acercamiento que culminó con la visita del Papa Juan Pablo II en los años 90, todavía bajo el impacto de la caída del bloque soviético y el aislamiento internacional del país; y finalmente, las relaciones recientes, marcadas por la visita del Papa, ahora emérito, Benedicto XVI y la afirmación de la Iglesia católica como el principal interlocutor interno con el gobierno cubano. Así, este trabajo demuestra que las tensas relaciones de los 60 fueron sustituidos por el establecimiento de relaciones estables, una normalidad accidentada, lo que llevó a la emergencia de la Iglesia católica como un actor clave en el contexto político cubano actual. AbstractThis paper discusses the relationship between the Catholic Church and the State in Cuba since the beginning of the revolutionary process (1959) to the present day. In this regard, it examines three key moments: the tension and distance caused by the transition to socialism developed in the country; the rapprochement that culminated with the visit of Pope John Paul II in the 90s, still under the impact of the fall of the Soviet bloc and the international isolation faced by the country, and finally, the latest relations, marked by the visit of the Pope, now emeritus, Benedict XVI and the affirmation of the Catholic Church as the main internal interlocutor with the Cuban government. Thus, this work demonstrates that the strained relations in the 60s were replaced by the establishment of stable relationship, a bumpy normality, which enabled the emergence of the Catholic Church as a key actor in the current Cuban political context.
EN
Strained relations between the US and Cuba after the victory of the Cuban revolution were a permanent element of the destabilization of international security in the Western Hemisphere. During the Cold War, this destabilization was a function of the East-West confrontation. Since the end of Cold War the importance of Cuba as a Western Hemisphere entity hostile to the United States has diminished radically. Definite steps to normalize relations with Cuba have been taken only in 2014. The media named the change of policies of the US towards Cuba (and Iran) as the Obama Doctrine. This article will try to prove that the continuation of the confron-tational and hostile US-Cuban relations after the collapse of the Eastern bloc was an exceptional and "unnatural" phenomenon from the perspective of realistic school of international relations, both for Washington and Havana.
ES
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las intersecciones entre economías orientadas al turismo y las políticas de desarrollo local y de infraestructuras en el contexto de un país del socialismo (tardío). Mi propósito es demostrar cómo turismo, considerado en general como un mecanismo de profundizar las desigualdades social y crear desigualdades nuevas, se utiliza como una herramienta para promover el desarrollo comunitario y atraer atención a varios problemas sociales en el contexto del socialismo tardío en Cuba. Mi investigación está basada en una literatura extensa que considera el impacto de las transformaciones turísticas en Cuba, pero al mismo tiempo, las confronta con una reflexión crítica sobre la ideología de la revolución cubana y estrategias de trabajo comunitario.
EN
The aim of this article is to consider intersections between tourism-oriented economies and the politics of infrastructure and community development in a (late) socialist country. I argue that although tourism is usually considered a mechanism that deepens existing inequalities and creates new ones, in the context of late socialist Cuba it becomes a resource that the creation of new ideas for community development and brings attention to various social issues. My research builds on a rich body of work that considers the impact of touristic transformations in Cuba while linking it to the critical reflection on Cuban revolutionary ideology and strategies of community engagement.
ES
El texto resume las tendencias más importantes dentro de las transformaciones de las prácticas religiosas y cambios de significados de la santería cubana, que se dan principalmente fuera de Cuba, como efecto de la emigración de cubanos y mecanismos culturales característicos de la época de globalización. La autora menciona el culto de la Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre y su papel para los cubanos de Miami y describe tendencias paralelas observadas en el contexto de la santería en el extranjero, tales como la comercialización y virtualización del culto, su institucionalización, reafricanización y latinización, así como desacralización y fol¬clo-rización de la santería en el seno de la cultura popular.
EN
The text summarizes the most important transformations of religious practices within Cuban santería, and changes of its meanings, observed mainly outside Cuba as results of Cuban migration and the cultural dynamics of the time of globalization. The author mentions the role of the Our Lady of Cobre cult among the Miami Cubans and describes parallel trends observed in the context of santería abroad, such as commodification and virtualization of worship, its institutionalization, reafricanization and latinization as well as desacralization and folklorization of santería within popular culture
EN
The purpose of the study is to analyse a case of biographical creation based on orality. To do this, interviews have been used with seven witnesses through the programme on autonomous television of the Balearic Islands (IB3), L’Hora D, entitled “Vox Populi”. The study is based on the modal classification and ethnopoetic genres proposed by Heda Jason in his Motif, type and genre (2000). Two narrative levels are analysed: the anecdotes and the story of personal experiences. The result of the application of this methodology leads to a biography, whose limits are never clear, which evidently creates affirmations, negations and contradictions in multiple directions. The result, therefore, leads to a story that is still unfinished today.
EN
The nineteenth century Cuban text, which once had the largest impact in Europe, is probably „Autobiography of a slave” by Juan Francisco Manzano. This is a text written in Cuba in 1835, first published in England in 1840 and printed in Cuba itself not before 1937 by José Luciano Franco. The article develops the ideas from various perspectives and in various constellations, i.e. in the form of a kaleidoscope.
ES
El texto cubano del siglo XIX, tuvo en su tiempo una gran repercu-sión en Europa, es seguramente la así llamada „Autobiografía de un esclavo” de Juan Francisco Manzano. Se trata de un texto escrito en Cuba alrededor de 1835, publicado por primera vez en Inglaterra en 1840 e impreso en la misma Cuba no antes de 1937 por José Luciano Franco. En correspondencia con la situación histórica, el artículo de-sarrolla las reflexiones desde varias perspectivas y en varias constelaciones, es decir, en forma de un caleidoscopio.
ES
Objetivos: Analizar las competencias pedagógicas de profesores de Educación Física de Santa Clara (Cuba) para la inclusión de escolares con discapacidad.Métodos: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 90 profesores de Educación Física (53 hombres y 37 mujeres) del municipio Santa Clara (Cuba). El instrumento utilizado fue la Escala de Autoeficacia en Profesores de Educación Física hacia Alumnos con Discapacidad (EA-PEF-AD). Se desarrolló un estudio experimental, comparando la percepción de competencia pedagógica de los profesores participantes, antes y después de aplicar un conjunto de talleres de formación en Educación Física inclusiva.Resultados: Inicialmente, los profesores de Educación Física estudiados reconocieron no ser competentes para llevar a cabo el proceso de inclusión de escolares con discapacidad en las clases de Educación Física. Aquellos profesores que participaron en los talleres de formación sobre Educación Física inclusiva mejoraron significativamente (p<0,05 en todos los indicadores) su competencia pedagógica para la inclusión de escolares con discapacidad en la clase.Conclusiones: Este estudio mostró un bajo nivel inicial de competencia pedagógica en profesores de Educación Física de Santa Clara (Cuba) para la inclusión de escolares con discapacidad, pero también confirmó la eficacia de aplicar talleres de formación sobre Educación Física inclusiva para mejorar la competencia pedagógica de los profesores de Educación Física.
EN
Objectives: To analyze the pedagogical competences of Physical Education teachers of Santa Clara (Cuba) for the inclusion of schoolchildren with disabilities.Methods: The sample consisted of 90 Physical Education teachers (53 men and 37 women) from Santa Clara (Cuba). The instrument used was the Self-Efficacy Scale for Physical Education Teacher Education Majors towards Children with Disabilities (SE-PETE-D). An experimental study was developed, comparing the perception of pedagogical competence of the participating teachers, before and after applying a set of training workshops about inclusive Physical Education.Findings: Initially, the Physical Education teachers studied recognized that they were not competent to carry out the process of including schoolchildren with disabilities in Physical Education classes. Those teachers who participated in the training workshops about inclusive Physical Education significantly improved (p<0.05 in all indicators) their pedagogical competence for the inclusion of schoolchildren with disabilities in the class.Conclusions: This study showed a low initial level of pedagogical competence in Physical Education teachers of Santa Clara (Cuba) for the inclusion of schoolchildren with disabilities, but also confirmed the effectiveness of applying training workshops about inclusive Physical Education to improve the pedagogical competence of Physical Education teachers.
EN
El título de este ensayo refleja los desafíos a que se enfrentan los afrodescendientes en Latinoamérica y el Caribe dentro del discurso hegemónico na-cional de ―naciones sin conflictos raciales‖. La respuesta a este discurso hegemónico ha sido la puesta en marcha de numerosas asociaciones de afro-descendientes en toda América Latina y una de éstas es la Cofradía de la Negritud en Cuba. En este trabajo se analizarán, primero, la conexión que existe entre los objetivos que buscan los miembros de esta organización, los ―cofrades‖ y las que buscaban obtener los líderes afrocubanos a través de las desaparecidas ―Sociedades de color‖. Segundo lugar, plan-tear la vulnerabilidad de ambas asociaciones a causa de los planteamientos políticos que conllevan las metas de luchar contra el racismo y la discriminación racial. Terce-ro, comparar los objetivos que persiguen otras asociaciones de afrodescendientes, co-mo AFRODES (Colombia), Jóvenes Afro-Descendientes de América del Sur, y la propia ―Cofradía‖ con los propuestos en las ―casas‖ y ―fundaciones‖ científicas o cul-turales que existen en Cuba.
ES
The title of this essay reflects the challenges that Afro-des-cendents still confront within the hegemonic national discourse of ―nations without racial conflicts‖. The response to this hegemonic discourse has been the launching of numerous Afro-descendents‘ associations across Latin America. One of these socie-ties is Cofradía de la Negritud in Cuba. In this work, first, we will establish the con-nection between the objectives sought by the Cofradia actual members of the Co-fradía, and those sought by the Afro-Cuban leaders through the now non-existent So-ciedades de Color Second, we will examine the vulnerability of both associations produced by their political objectives: to fight against racism and racial discrimina-tion. Third, we will compare the objectives sought by other Afro-descendents‘ asso-ciations such as AFRODES (Colombia), Jovenes Afro-descendientes de América del Sur, and the Cofradia itself with those proposed within cultural and scientific projects conducted through casas and fundaciones in Cuba.
ES
El séptimo Congreso del Partido Comunista de Cuba aprobó los lineamientos de la política económica y social del Partido y de la Revolución en que se apuesta por un modelo económico mixto con la presencia de empresas estatales junto a cooperativas no agropecuarias y trabajo por cuenta propia. Este último sería el llamado emprendimiento, visto como autoempleo y pequeña propiedad privada, en tanto que personalidad natural y no jurídica. La apertura a estas formas de propiedad se realiza con la intención de descargar parte del empleo estatal en ellas, al tiempo de despojarse de actividades poco productivas, lo que debería redundar en incrementos de productividad del sector estatal. No obstante, para cumplir ese cometido, el trabajo por cuenta propia debe lograr crecer y desenvolverse con eficiencia, de manera que absorba empleo y sea sustentable. La presente ponencia contribuye al análisis de las condiciones para que tales actividades puedan tener un desempeño saludable y rentable desde la perspectiva de sus actores. Para ello se aplicó, ajustada a Cuba, la encuesta Global Enterpreneur¬ship Monitor (GEM) a 60 dueños/as de negocios en La Habana, provincia que posee el porcentaje fundamental de este tipo de trabajador. Los resultados de estas encuestas permitieron conocer sus consideraciones acerca de la influencia del entorno para el desenvolvimiento del emprendimiento, las motivaciones, los factores para el éxito de los negocios, etc. Si bien los resultados no son generalizables estadísticamente, muestran los criterios y percepciones de actores directos que sirven de guía para realizar propuestas de mejoras e investigaciones futuras. Las reflexiones finales se dirigen a que si bien el trabajo por cuenta propia ha absorbido empleo, no están dadas las condiciones para el sostenimiento saludable de estos emprendimientos y, al mismo tiempo, no se ha visto su impacto en el incremento de productividad del sector estatal.
EN
The Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba approved the Guidelines of Economic and Social Policy of the Party and the Revolution. The Guidelines, which bet on a mixed economic model with the presence of state-owned enterprises with non-agricultural cooperatives and self-employment, the latter, would be a so-called venture, seen as self-employment and small private property, but as a natural and not legal personality. The opening of these forms of property is done with the intention of unloading part of the state employment in them, at the time of shedding unproductive activities, which should lead to the increased productivity in the state sector. However, to fulfill this task, the self-employment should achieve growth and function efficiently, so as to absorb employment which is sustainable. This paper contributes to the analysis of the conditions for such activities that can have a healthy and profitable performance, from the perspective of its actors. The survey Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) was applied to 60 owners business in Havana province that has the fundamental percent of this type of worker. The results of these surveys demonstrated their considerations about the influence of the environment for the development of entrepreneurship, motivation, success factors of business, and so on. While the results are not statistically generalizable, they show the direct criteria and perceptions that guide actors to make proposals for improvements and future research. The final thoughts turn to that while self-employment has absorbed employment, they are not given the conditions for the healthy maintenance of these enterprises, and at the same time, has not been its impact on increasing productivity in the state sector.
EN
In the summer of 2016, the author traveled to Havana to begin preliminary work on an interdisciplinary visual ethnography project. While venturing primarily on foot, he took hundreds of high-resolution photographs and interviewed people at random across several localities about their daily routine, their neighborhood, and their expectations about what was to come following the [then] normalizing of relations with the United States. Of the utmost importance to this work was the special attention granted to the inhabited locale where each photograph and interview took place. This article explores these photographs through the lens of the “event of photography,” a term emphasizing the temporal moment when a photographer, photographed subject, and camera encounter one another. With this interpretation, photographs are positioned as historical documents and the practice of photography as a civil and political matter, thus inviting new possibilities to read political life through its visual dimension, as well as to trace different forms of power relations made evident during the ‘event.’ This paper uses phenomenological reflection to explore the meshwork manifestation of these power relations, and articulate how they provide insights about one’s place and responsibility within that ‘event’ in a range of relational contexts.
EN
The aim of this article is to indicate the features of contemporary urban agriculture present in the contiguously built-up areas of Havana. Using an exploratory and classification approach, the authors draw on fieldwork and a prior analysis of satellite and aerial imagery, first to characterize the spatial distribution of urban gardens and then to point to their main intrinsic features, including the methods and organization of production and the functions performed. The research conducted shows that urban agriculture is distributed across the city in an uneven fashion, with the main concentration in districts of lower-density urban construction, which reflects the availability of land resources intentionally left between buildings by modernist planners. The most common production technique applied is organopónico, or organoponics. However, the material commonly used to construct the bordering walls is asbestos, which may pose a significant threat for both producers and consumers. Two case studies are analyzed to exemplify different approaches to organic food production.
Ad Americam
|
2016
|
issue 17
109-118
EN
The changes that have been taking place in Cuba in recent years, especially after its resumption of relations with the United States, have lead us to view this insular society as vulnerable. The opening of the economy and the growing importance of the private sector are creating social changes both positive and negative. This article seeks to identify the elements that are weakening Cuban society and making it vulnerable, as well as analyze the conditions that reinforce the stability on the Island. This article is the result of more than three years of research, thanks to the project Quo Vadis Cuba? Implications for Europe and Poland (2011-2013).
EN
Cuban migrants are considered as and referred to as exiles. However, in the face of the economic transformations in Cuba, as well as the rapprochement between the U.S. and Cuba, it has become necessary to revise the epistemological and semiotic foundations of this phenomenon. The current migratory trends among the Cubans do not meet the definition of exiles. Thus, the title of this article reflects the research assumption and the principal aim that the current circumstances in Cuba, as well as the migratory flows of Cubans mark the decline of the myth of the Cuban exile; a myth built by the media.
PL
Cuban Studies przeżywają aktualnie renesans, a to za sprawą otwierania się gospodarki Kuby oraz dokonującej się w tym wyspiarskim społeczeństwie transformacji. Wiodącymi ośrodkami naukowymi w zakresie studiów nad Kubą i Kubańczykami były i są północnoamerykańskie placówki, związane z uniwersytetami jak i organizacjami pozarządowymi. W ramach ich wydawnictw ukazuje się wiele pozycji ciągłych i zwartych dedykowanych Kubie i jej stosunkom międzynarodowym. Ogromny wkład w rozwój tej części area studies mają również badacze kubańscy i latynoamerykańscy, którzy aktywizują ośrodki poza Stanami Zjednoczonymi, aby te podejmowały studia dotyczące Kuby. Tak jest w przypadku omawianej pozycji zatytułowanej „Cuba: ¿ajuste o transición? Impacto de la reforma en el contexto del restablecimiento de las relaciones con Estados Unidos” [Kuba: dostosowanie czy transformacja? Skutki reform w kontekście przywrócenia stosunków ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi] opublikowanej pod koniec 2015 roku przez międzynarodową organizację FLACSO2, pod redakcją Velii Cecilii Bobes.
ES
Los viajes de Juan Pablo II en enero del 1998 y de Benedicto XVI en marzo del 2012 a Cuba, así como la visita del Papa Francisco en septiembre del 2015 tenían un objetivo común: fomentar los cambios positivos en la vida de los católicos en Cuba. Sin embargo, no cabe duda que las condiciones en que tuvieron lugar estas visitas eran diferentes. El propósito del artículo es analizar en qué medida la dinámica de las transformaciones sociales y políticas en Cuba estaba relacionada con el mensaje transmitido durante las visitas papales y las expectativas del pueblo cubano.ABSTRACTThe pilgrimages of John Paul II in January 1998 and Benedict XVI in March 2012 to Cuba, as well as the visit of Pope Francis in September 2015 had a common goal: to promote positive changes for the Catholics in Cuba. However there is no doubt that the conditions in which these visits took place were different. The purpose of the paper is to analyze to what extent the dynamics of social and political changes in Cuba were related to the message transferred during all papal visits and the expectations of the Cuban people.
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