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Vox Patrum
|
2012
|
vol. 58
107-135
EN
The author analyzes the content of Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) by Socrates Scholasticus as well as the documents contained in the series Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum to depict political conditions of the pontificate of Bishop Cyril of Alexandria (412-444). In the article the scholar shows the ways in which Cyril’s actions influenced reinforcing of the Egyptian Patriarchate position in the Eastern Church. From the first years of his pontificate Cyril was very know­ledgeable about political situation at the imperial court in Constantinople. Juvenile Theodosius was influenced by her older sister Pulcheria and changing prefects at her side. Court coteries fought each other to win the regentess’ favour. The Court performed anti-Jewish and antipagan policy. Cyril took advantage of it to get rid of his serious opposition. He expelled Jews from the city and led to killing of a woman-philosopher Hypatia, who centered the pagan establishment around her. He also crushed prefect Orestes, who acted against his tyranny. The situation has changed in 428. Emperor Theodosius grew up and began to make their own deci­sions. The monks of Egypt came to the capital to lodge a complaint about Cyril to the Emperor. Theodosius designated Nestorius, the Bishop of Constantinople, to investigate the complaint. It seriously threatened to the Egyptian patriarch with loss of his rank and of being hound out of the country. At the same time Nestorius supported calling the mother of Jesus Christ with the name Theothokos. Cyril decided to use this fact to accuse the bishop of heresy. It was his way of divert­ing the public attention from the charges against himself. In the article the author, basing on source materials, strives to prove that all Cyril’s moves arose due to his determination to retain his position to date. Theological issues were of secondary importance to him. He had no scruples in accomplishing his goals. Violence, brib­ery, propaganda, instigating and inciting the people of Ephesus were his methods. Cyril managed to defeat Nestorius thanks to his flair for politics and tracking cur­rent information. Cyril’s activities not only strengthened the position of Egyptian patriarchate in the eastern church but also led to gain a temporary control over the Constantinople bishopric, as Maximianus, Nestorius successor, was a henchman of the Bishop of Alexandria.
EN
In seinem Kampf gegen die nestorianischen Irrtumer verwarf Kyrill von Alexandria alle Bezeichnungen, die den inneren und wesenhaften Charakter der Vereinigung beider Naturen in der einen Person des Logos nur unzureichend prazisierten. Nestorius, der die Verschiedenheit beider Naturen nach der Menschwerdung betonte, verstand diese Verschiedenheit ais Trennung beider Naturen, was im Grunde genommen zur Annahme zweier getrennter Tragersubjekte in Christus fuhrte.
EN
Cyril of Alexandria did not treat the problem of God’s transcendence and immanence as extensively and profoundly as did John Chrysostom, due to the fact that the question was not as relevant in Cyril’s time as is was in the time of Chrysostom. However, the ideas of the latter are present in the writings of Cyril, who draws a distinction between the inner being of God and His work. This simi­larity can be traced in two main points. First, God in His essential nature surpasses everything. This inner life of God is above and beyond any knowledge and reach, any concept and reasoning. All that we know about the nature of God is that He acts in the world and this action is performed by the Father through the Son in the Spirit. Second, in order to outline God’s action, Cyril uses the terms „power” and „energy” indistinguishably. For both authors the method of antinomy is a primary system of coordinates in which they combine the two fundamentally opposite poles of God’s being: the transcendent and the immanent. So, in this point the Oriental Theological Schools of Alexandria and Antioch are internally consonant.
Vox Patrum
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2016
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vol. 65
31-47
PL
Ojcowie Kościoła nie byli ani nieprzejednanymi wrogami greckiej myśli ani nie odnosili się z nienawiścią do dzieł starożytnych pisarzy greckich. Bazyli Wielki nie wahał się pokazywać ludzi, o których mowa w dziełach literatury świeckiej, jako przykłady cnoty. Podkreślał on – podobnie jak inni autorzy – że nie wszystko w li­teraturze antycznej jest godne przejęcia, ale należy zachować to, co jest przydatne dla chrześcijaństwa, pomijając szkodliwą resztę. Cyryl Aleksandryjski nie odrzucał starożytnej myśli greckiej jako filozofii, ale jedynie jako teologię. Kontrast pomię­dzy chrześcijańską teologią i grecką filozofią istniał tylko wtedy, gdy ta ostatnia była przedstawiana jako teologia. Ojcowie greccy szanowali grecki sposób myśle­nia i grecki język, i używali ich w swoich pismach, ale zwalczali greckie praktyki związane z kultem. Artykuł prezentuje stosunek do filozofii pogańskiej, jej akomo­dację do myśli chrześcijańskiej oraz idee dotyczące edukacji świeckiej, reprezen­towane przez wybranych Ojców i pisarzy wczesnochrześcijańskich z okresu od II do V wieku. Przede wszystkim omawia poglądy Bazylego Wielkiego, Grzegorza z Nyssy, Grzegorza z Nazjanzu, Jana Chryzostoma, Cyryla Aleksandryjskiego oraz Izydora z Peluzjum, gdyż im właśnie udało się zbudować most między helleni­zmem i chrześcijaństwem bez ich zmieszania. Cyryl i Izydor reprezentują neutralną postawę pisarzy chrześcijańskich V wieku wobec filozofii pogańskiej.
EN
Christianity adopted Greek language and thought it existed within a Greek cultural milieu and Hellenic historical setting. As a whole, however, the Fathers of the Greek Church did not seek to borrow either the essence or content from ancient Greek thought, for those they possessed in their sacred Scriptures. The Church Fathers put together the best parts of Greek classical antiquity with the best of the teaching of Christian theology. Nevertheless, in this effort Christian revelation did not escape infiltration by Greek thought, and Greek cultural and intellectual influences became interwoven with Christian faith. It was Christianity’s encounter with Hellenism that made the former a cosmopolitan religion. This relationship, not without periodic tensions, prevailed throughout the Byzantine millennium and centuries beyond. Long before modern anthropologists, philosophers, and theologians, these Church fathers confirmed that Greek culture is the outer garment of religion and religion is the heart of culture, and that the two are inseparable. In this manner, the Hellenic heritage of literal texts can be considered a part of our Church’s heritage. Christianity embraced Greek classical heritage while rejecting pagan cults.
EN
This paper provides the first edition of five previously unknown Greek fragments of Cyril of Alexandria, survive only in Codex Pantokratoros 28, in the first part of this paper the reader will find some important basic information about the age of this manuscript, its text-critical value and content. The special focus of this introductory part is on the catena commentary on 1 Corinthians which survives in Codex Pantokratoros 28 and from which the edited texts are. The main part of this paper presents an edition, translation of and commentary on the five fragments mentioned above. The commentary concentrates on questions concerning the authorship of the texts, their theological content and – insofar it is necessary for the proper understanding of the fragments – text-critical problems.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje pierwszą edycję pięciu nieznanych do tej pory greckich fragmentów Cyryla z Aleksandrii, Pseudo-Atanazego, Filoksenosa, Sewera z Antiochii i Ammoniosa. Jako że wszystkie te fragmenty zachowały się jedynie w Kodeksie Pantokratoros 28, w pierwszej części niniejszego przedłożenia prezentowane są podstawowe informacje dotyczące daty powstania tego manuskryptu, jego znaczenia w krytyce tekstu i jego treści. Szczególny nacisk położony jest w tym kontekście na katenie do Pierwszego Listu do Koryntian, która zachowała się w Kodeksie Pantokratoros 28 i z której pochodzą wydane w artykule teksty. Główna część artykułu zawiera edycję, niemieckie tłumaczenie i komentarz do wymienionych wyżej fragmentów. W komentarzu omawiane są kwestie dotyczące autorstwa wydanych tekstów, ich teologicznego przesłania oraz – o ile jest to konieczne do właściwego zrozumienia sensu prezentowanych fragmentów – problemów natury filologicznej.
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