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EN
Nowadays demographic and social changes cause that ensuring long-term care services to dependent elderly is important and urgent challenge for social policy. In Poland dominant conception how to solve this problem is enforcement of the social long-term care insurance. This solution, although seems to be necessary, above many advantages, has also many disadvantages.
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Valence jako jádro jazykového systému

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EN
Valency of lexical units (i.e. the sets of their obligatory and optional dependents) constitutes the main link between lexicon and grammar. As handled up to now by J. Panevova and others in the Functional Generative Description, valency provides a very good starting point for the testing of this approach in the Prague Dependency Treebank. The morphemic and especially syntactic annotation of large segments of free texts confirm that this description has essentially been formulated adequately. Even so, certain issues of valency deserve further discussion. This article partly summarizes earlier research in the Charles University Theoretical and Computational Linguistics group and adds new results. It aims to document how issues concerning a hierarchy of the types of dependency relations, the orientation of these relations, the usefulness of recognizing a third class of dependents 'between' arguments and adjuncts, etc., can be handled in useful ways using this background.
EN
The studies relating to the unconscious processes of a group could be considered as a new field of research, even though they were started more than fifty years ago by Bion's work. According to the traditional viewpoint the unconscious processes of the group are very similar in different groups. The unconscious in the group is embodied in 'basic assumptions' and, due to them, the behavior of the members seems to follow a common myth related to dependency, fight and flight or pairing. In a more current approach it was supposed that the unconscious processes of a group cannot be generalized, they reflect the essence or the culture of the institution. For example, in army groups unconscious occurs mainly in flight and fight behavior because the task of the organization is fight, etc. This study had two main goals. On the one hand we checked if the group relation method is effective in Hungarian small groups. On the other hand the goal of this study was to make a comparison between the unconscious processes of groups in two different types of organizations - educational institutions and law enforcement agencies.
EN
This article presents a New Testament terminology for children. Matt. 18:3-5 uses the noun paidion meaning a little child, baby, infant. The authors of the New Testament were using this term with reference to a immaturity, weakness, dependence, powerless and subjection to authority. In the first century of the Christian era children were marginal figures in the society of the ancient world. They were completely under the father’s authority. In the teaching of Jesus children were models of and for his followers which should submit to the sovereign will of God. The childhood is only a initial stage on the road to Christian mature manhood.
EN
Ideas concerning several areas are still fruitful: (1) The concept of markedness as underlying the difference between the centre of the language system, patterned in a relatively simple way, and its vast and complex periphery. (2) Dependency (valency) based syntax, tested in detail and enriched in the Prague Dependency Treebank. (3) The description of the topic-focus articulation, connected with the scope of negation, presupposition and allegation; the fundamental nature of the articulation and a relatively perspicuous description of its interplay with syntactic dependency within the underlying sentence structure. (4) In linguistic typology, a single basic structural property of every type: the manner of expression of grammatical values is favourable to the other properties. (5) The stratification of Czech as a national language, with colloquial speech exhibiting an oscillation of forms of the 'literary' norm and of Common Czech. This attitude is only slowly finding its way into school education. (6) In the field of word formation, attention is focused on the transition zone towards morphemics. (7) In the study of the process of communication, the degrees of activation in the stock of shared knowledge are especially significant.
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