The study was undertaken in an attempt to examine the fundamental determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) to Sub-Saharan Africa. FDI is considered a positive phenomenon, particularly for developing countries. These countries face many barriers to development, including lack of capital and thus the lack of investment opportunities. Therefore, the question arises: how to attract more foreign capital, and what new and effective policy to apply? To answer this question, one must examine the determinants of FDI inflow to the test region. The paper focuses on determinants associated with management issues recommended by international institutions, namely: economic and political stability, corruption and administrative procedures, investment climate, as well as attractiveness and good governance in the field of foreign direct investment.
This article has a review character and represents an attempt of summary and systematization of so far gathered knowledge on a subject of phenomenon of school climate. In the following parts of this text there was made a distinction of definitional school climate and as well as notions connected with it. There were also shown elements consisting of school climate as well as its determinants, and the current typologies of school climate, too. First of all, the attention was paid to, in contrast to a quality notion or school culture, which presents objective features of school institutions, the school climate is associated with individual processes of perceiving, receiving and interpreting the reality.
For a number of decades, the European Union has witnessed an intense global competition to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). This competition has led to significant inflows and outflows in the member states, with positive implications for economic growth, employment and productivity for the host and sending countries. The paper uses data from 2005 – 2017 to identify the main drivers of FDI in the EU separately for sending and receiving, Euro area and Non-Euro countries. Analysis focuses on finding the levers that promote the Union in its entirety as a major competitor for FDI. An empirical analysis is conducted for selected variables (economic development, taxation, unit labour costs, trade openness, interest rate differential, macroeconomic stability, infrastructure and competitiveness) using the two-step System Generalised Method of Moments (GMM). The results are robust and consistent with the supporting literature.
The goal of this article is to identify and to quantify the determinants of the China's outward foreign direct investments (OFDI). The most important relevant outcomes of the authors dealing with this topic are analysed. In the analysis, 11 indicators are used. There are 2 approaches to detect influence on OFDI applied in the article. The first one uses the factor analysis, cluster analysis and analysis of variances on the sample of 69 countries. The second approach works with the cluster analysis, which is applied on the basis of data of 85 countries. The first approach did not prove the statistically significant difference among the China's FDI in different clusters. The second approach demonstrated the statistical significance in the FDI outflows only in case of one cluster.
Responses from working women (N=10 619) from 24 European countries (ESS R2) were analysed in this paper. The list of analysed characteristics comprised: female labour supply (measured as number of weekly hours worked) and a list of its potential determinants such as income, education, present life circumstances (children living at home, unpaid help available) and family background (whether mother was working when subject was 14) as well as beliefs regarding equal work opportunities between men and women. Results indicate that e.g. actual female labour supply does not coincide in most countries with women´s expectations. In some countries women reported to work fewer hours than they would like and in other countries they affirmed they work more hours than they would prefer. The relationship between female labour supply and selected determinants was statistically confirmed.
In the last 20 years the United States, in contrast to European Union countries, has not experienced a reduction in fertility. The socio-economic determinants of fertility of women are widely discussed in the literature. Fertility of women in the United States is determined by many factors, including religion, education, income, place of birth, ethnicity, immigration status, marital status and age. The presented paper reviews results of selected studies published in the last 40 years in demographic journals and focuses on the relationship between religion, income, education and immigration status and fertility of women in the United States.
This article attempts to present the current activities in Poland in the field of rural development trends and determinate in connection with the implemented agricultural policy. In order to clarify these relationships were analyzed following topics:- the characteristic of economic activities in rural areas in Poland, the characteristics of the rural development policy in Poland and activities resulting from the production-environmentally-rural dimension of agricultural policy for the development of rural areas in Poland in 2020. Analyses and considerations, which have prepared in this article, have indicated among others., that the Polish accession to the EU slowed down the process of development of rural areas, and the Common Agricultural Policy is not a factor of significant structural changes, which in most EU countries have already made. This policy affects primarily to increase revenue, but nor applicable to improve the competitiveness of the agricultural sector. Base on agricultural policy in Poland on EU directives means that in Poland there is a lack of its agricultural policy, and also policy of structural change, despite the ppear needs of agriculture and rural areas.
Methodological implications within the framework of sociological theory about determinancy of socio-historical process allow the author to state the thesis about invariancy of the vector of society development. The hypothesis is based on a statement of stability of socio-cultural component during the periods of social changes, which is verified by historical experience of concrete societies. Generalizing results of own research with a postulate of structure of social action, concepts of autopoietic systems, trans-historical structures and institutional matrices the author makes a conclusion about limitation of possibilities of social creativity and amplitude of alternatives of societal development. In the context of transfomation processes on the post-Soviet territory the assumption is expressed of impossibility of construction in local conditions the Western type liberal societies and market-based economies, as those inappropriate to logic of immanent development.
The article presents a summary of contemporary trends in Foreign Direct Investment, with a particular focus on conclusions arising thereof for chosen Balkan states. Its aim is to identify the main factors influencing the creation of “a positive investment climate” in host countries trying to attract greater FDI, which, when accompanied by proper economic policy, will transform local economies and enable their full integration within the European Union. The article starts with a short definition of FDI, followed by a description of the main factors influencing the choice of where to locate investments, including geography, the socio-political situation, legal and tax related issues. Theoretical considerations are concluded with a case study presenting the findings of preliminary analysis conducted by the author for a company headquartered in Cracow and operating on the IT sector concerning the market expansion into the Balkan Region. This case study examines the pros and cons of a region striving to attract more FDI, and presents the following two main findings: – the chosen Balkan states (Albania, Montenegro and the FYR of Macedonia) have significantly liberalised procedures resulting in a very short period needed for establishing a company as well as eased tax regulations on their territories, which are main incentives for foreign investors; – the short history of socio-economic stability in the region is, for the time being, the main obstacle to attracting greater FDI to the region.
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