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The article revealed the essence of the concept of «diagnosis», the principles and methods of diagnosis in investment of resource-saving projects. The classification of types in diagnostics of resource-saving projects is given.
EN
The authoress describes the practical reality of counselling in relation to educational counselling. The analysis of this reality constitutes the source of the proposed changes. The authoress believes that counselling under school's jurisdiction (the educational counselling) is not being reformed in accordance with social requirements and development of science. Excessive formalism, schematism of structural-functional activities dominated by diagnosis cause the collapse of institutional counselling's authority, where the main goal of counsellors' activity becomes to create expert opinions whenever schools need them. The specific character of the counsellor's work with a child introduces certain restrictions on applying general solutions in the area of counselling, yet it does not exempt us from searching for and implementing new forms and ways of assistance directed at a child and his or her family. The necessity of a change poses a challenge for educational counselling, in which advice-giving and diagnostic labelling performed for the sake of creating expert opinions should be replaced with actions that are supportive, therapeutic and, most importantly, take into account needs of counselees, not the school's expectations.
EN
Depression belongs to the most common mental disorders of young people. Yet, its analysis has given rise to many controversies among specialists. One of the crucial raised issues is the question whether it is justified to apply the diagnosis of depression in this age group, considering the fact that intrapsychic mechanisms in adolescents are not yet mature. The theoretical problem arises: to what degree adolescent depression ought to be considered a clinical disorder, rather than a specific developmental reaction. In the present paper, the attempt has been undertaken to tackle the issue. It has been found that the diagnosis of adolescent depression cannot rely on clear-cut diagnostic criteria. Instead, it should rely on clinical assessment of an individual patient.
EN
Autism spectrum disorders are developmental disorders which occur in 1 of 150 children. The higher frequency of diagnoses in relation to past decades is caused among others by evolution of the diagnostic process. In this work the authors describe the diagnostic process and instruments used during the assessment. Most of them are not used in Poland. Some, however, as the E-1 and E-2 forms, CARS and PEP-R were translated into Polish but none of them meets all the requirements of tests such as reliability, validity, objectivity, standardization and cultural adaptation.
EN
The paper presents results of psychometric analyses of the Polish translation of the Beck's Depression Inventory BDI-II. The sample included 456 subjects - 337 controls, 43 patients with depressive episodes and disorders (19 - current episode mild and moderate, 24 - current episode severe), 26 patients with anxiety disorders including mixed anxiety and depressive disorder, as well as 23 male prisoners and 27 females, experiencing domestic violence. The analyses comprise factorial structure of BDI-II items and their criterion-related validity (correlation with medical diagnosis of depression and severity of depression obtained by Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale), as well as reliability and validity of the total BDI-II scale, done in control and clinical groups. The validity studies of the BDI-II scale were focused on construct-oriented validity (correlations with scales of TALEIA-400A inventory, assessing clinical disorders) and criterion-oriented validity (analyses of differences of BDI-II scores among control, demographic and clinical samples). Finally, the culture specific norms in the form of cut-off scores, differing controls and depressed subjects, were derived for diagnosing the mild and severe depression, as well as several indices of validity of diagnosis (like 'total misclassification rate', 'sensitivity', etc.). The results indicate the very high reliability and validity of the BDI-II translation, fully equivalent to the original version, what enables to recommend this inventory for use in scientific research and clinical practice regarding Polish-speaking subjects.
EN
The paper was intended to be an introductory exposition for workshop about acceptability of a retrospective diagnosis. It deals with various methods used in the history of medicine, and with problems which are related to them. In the beginning it describes shortly development in the medical historiography that took place during the last three decades. It emphasizes those approaches which have not been discussed in the Czech ambient so far. The paper focuses above all on methods suggested by Jon Arrizabalaga, Giorgio Cosmacini, and Roy Porter. In other words it describes socio-constructivistic history of medicine and medicine that is seen using 'patient's view'. In the second part the paper describes how relativity in the modern approach affects the most basic terms of medicine: health, healing, illness, disease, etc. The aim is to show that once we leave secure area of institutional history or medical biographies we face a whole lot of serious obstacles.
EN
The dynamism inherent in today's business environment has to be extrapolated to the methods used for the scientific substantiation of the enterprise management system. This is due to the formation of an approach to the diagnosis of opportunities for steady development through the use of dynamic and static parameters by examining direction of original development basis transforming. As a result is defined five types of transformation directions: synchronous rising, synchronous falling, stagnation, inverse, asynchronous. Proved the importance of the structural changes of local component of survival and stability potential conditions. Proposed and justified a dynamic diagnostic model, which reflects the rate of change of potential states local components and allows us to calculate the coefficient of dynamic stability. According to this coefficient identified three areas of its belonging – positive dynamic stability zone, negative dynamic stability zone, flat-zone of dynamic stability. Developed a matrix of impulse characteristics, which, depending on the correlation of dynamic stability zone and transformation type allows to identify five types of impulses, which are generated based on original development basis, – stimulating impulse, non-stimulating impulse, passive impulse, stabilization impulse, inert impulse.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the global dimension of social policy seen as a theory and practical activity. The development of theoretical view on global interdependencies is presented, as well as examples of global diagnoses, setting common goals and their accomplishment by international organisations. The conclusion is that global social policy is not substitute, but supplement of social policy on the state and regional level.
EN
The task of identifying processes in organisations is one of the key stages of organisational improvement. It is the basis for making decisions on the development and changes in the functioning of the organisation. This stage is also one of the first steps in implementing the changes in integrated management systems based on ISO standards (9000, 14000 and others). Choosing the right level of detail in the analysis of organisational processes requires a thorough understanding of the characteristics, events and actions to be analysed. This paper proposes a model concept of the structure of the organisational processes that can be used as a template for the identification and analytical work in any organisation in any industry.
EN
Extensive German funeral preachment 'Zwo Christliche Leich-Predigten' (Görlitz 1601) over Protestant Aristocrat, Freiherr (baron) Melchior from Redern (1555-1600) written by priest Martin Nussler gives in a chapter 'Kurtze Beschreibung des Process, wie es mit der gottseeligen Leiche in Ihrem Leichgang und Begräbniss gehalten worden' short course and results of the dissection together with a short description of embalment of deceased, whose funeral took place four months after his death. Besides the fact that it was not usual to add 'postmortem record' to delivered and later for print prepared funeral preachments over nobles and townsmen in the Early Modern Times the yet unknown (in the Czech surrounding) text opens various possibilities of interpretation in different scientific branches. Historian seeks among others answer to possible diagnosis specifiable then and today.
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