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THE RECORD OF DISEASES IN THE PARISH DEATH REGISTERS IN THE CHELMNO LAND IN THE 18TH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH C. (Rejestracja chorob w koscielnych ksiegach zgonow ziem chelminskiej i michalowskiej w XVIII i pierwszej polowie XIX w.)

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Zielinski M. G.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 1
55-66
EN
The correct identification of diseases that affected Poles in the past centuries is not an easy task. This is due not only to the scarcity of sources but also to the lack of data on clinical symptoms which would be parallel to the data on the patient's medical history obtained by contemporary doctors. It is only the correct identification of illnesses that gives us a fair chance to assess their impact on society and to verify exaggerated views, usually resulting from the fear of death which inevitably accompanied incurable and highly contagious diseases. An interesting region to explore in that respect is Chelmno Land (Kulmerland), whose borders coincide with the old voivodship and bishopric of Chelmno, which after the first and third partition of Poland became part of the Prussian state and later temporarily belonged to the Duchy of Warsaw. The fact that the territory was never divided guarantees the homogeneity of the source material. A crucial element in identifying diseases is a qualitative and quantitative analysis of death records in parish registers, which can bring most interesting results, especially as regards small villages. The record of diseases as causes of death in parish registers in Chelmno Land was started after the territory was incorporated to Prussia. The earliest records date to 1774. The practice was not widespread until 1780; it seems that priests were reluctant to note the cause of death in the registers. The cause of death was noted by the registrar, who was usually the parish priest, on the basis of witnesses' account. With time, the record of death causes was accepted and became more precise, as is evidenced by the growing catalogue of the illnesses that appear in the records. In the case of common and well-known diseases, such a smallpox, the identification can be assumed trustworthy; with new illnesses, however, such as cholera in 1831, the first cases may not have been diagnosed properly and may have been called diarrhoea. The description of the cause of death usually included general symptoms; initial causes were mentioned rarely, while secondary and direct causes were neglected. The record was certainly influenced by individual priests, who, having collected information on symptoms from witnesses, identified illnesses according to their knowledge. Such practice is suggested by fixed lists of illnesses detectable in the records made by particular priests, which partly change with the change of the registrar. It is not particularly difficult to link Latin and German terms with Polish names of diseases. Yet, the recorded popular names are often so general that a precise identification of an illness is problematic. Parish registers do not offer a survey of all illnesses, being limited to those that were common causes of death.
2
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Ochrona pszenicy ozimej przed chorobami przy zastosowaniu systemu wspomagania decyzji

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Horoszkiewicz-Janka J., Korbas M., Kubsik K., Tratwal A.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
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2014
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issue 3(77)
82-92
EN
Introduction of integrated plant protection on 1 January 2014 has been aimed at ensuring safety of food coming from the agricultural production process. One of the elements of providing consumers with healthy food is reasonable use of plant protection products. Right plant protection includes use of plant protection products at the optimal time, when the established threshold of economic harmfulness is reached. This purpose is served by, among other things, earlier establishment of the values of thresholds of harmfulness and decision support systems. Stand experiments on winter wheat compared use of fungicide protection according to the traditional scheme (of developmental stages), where farmers conduct spraying procedures with protection according to recommendations of decision support system. Adopting protection according to recommendations of the system enabled to reduce the prevalence of leaf and ear diseases and resulted in higher yield and thousand grain weight.
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ROLA COROCZNEJ OCENY USZKODZEŃ SPOWODOWANYCH PRZEZ NAJWAŻNIEJSZE AGROFAGI GŁÓWNYCH ROŚLIN UPRAWNYCH W POLSCE, NA PODSTAWIE OGÓLNOKRAJOWEGO MONITOROWANIA

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Tratwal A., Bandyk A., Jakubowska M., Roik K., Wielkopolan B.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
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2016
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issue 1(83)
89-99
EN
Every year monitoring of agrophages harmfulness is an important element of integrated control and gives information about phytosanitary state of agricultural plants in Poland. Such information are the base of the evaluation the tendency of pests and diseases spread as well as their economic value and helpful in long-term prognosis. Pest/diseases monitoring is provided by Plant Protection and Seed Health Inspection Service, results, as a reports, from monitoring are sent in late autumn to the Plant Protection Institute – national research institute (PPI – NRI) at the Department of Pests Methods Forecasting and Economy of Plant Control. At the Department the only base AGRO GIS in the country is created and then the every year phytosanitary state of agricultural plants in Poland is developed.
4
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Organizmy szkodliwe i entomofauna pożyteczna jako wskaźniki bioróżnorodności i stanu fitosanitarnego produkcji rolnej

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Remlein-Starosta D., Krzymińska J., Nijak K., Drożdżyński D., Walorczyk S., Urszula D., Jaworski R., Szłykowicz M.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
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2012
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issue 3(69)
73-85
EN
The project „The evaluation of environment condition in areas vulnerable to nitrogen pollution in Wielkopolska” was implemented within Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute and Wielkopolska Agricultural Advisory Centre in Poznań cooperation. The project was subsidized by Regional Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Poznań. The aim of the analysis was to evaluate a certain number of environment components such as biodiversity and phytosanitary condition indicators. The analysis was conducted on chosen farms in areas vulnerable to nitrogen pollution in Wielkopolska. The farms area ranged from 10 to over 30 ha. On each farm one or two crops were fully analysed. All biodiversity factors were high or medium. Pests and diseases, which may cause a critical threat to monocultures and simplified rotation, occurrence was examined. It was concluded that infestation level of examined crops was not epidemic. The high quantity of beneficial and predatory insects balanced pests quantity. Different species and groups of weeds were found on each crop.
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