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T. G. Masaryk tváří v tvář darwinismu a evolučnímu způsobu myšlení

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Pospíšil C. V.
Studia theologica
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2020
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vol. 2
137-159
EN
The main contribution of this study lies in the chronologically ordered analysis of the texts in which Tomáš G. Masaryk writes about the problematics of the evolution and Darwinism. Although there are strong anticlerical motives in his work, his thoughts show surprising affinity to the contemporary Catholic theologians who were open to the possibility of the creation of the species and the human being through the evolution. Masaryk has no doubts about the key role of the Creator in the process of the origin of the species and the human being, about the immortality of the human soul which is, in his opinion, not deducible from purely evolutionary processes, about intelligent design of these processes. Inspirational sources of this stand may be only estimated, but it is very probable that confirmation of Masaryk’s invariable stands were strongly influenced by Matěj Procházka, his secondary school teacher at Brno, and Franz Brentano, an excellent professor at Vienna Faculty of Art.
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Vědecký status darwinismu

100%
Havlík V.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 6
837-853
EN
The philosophical attempt to explain the scientific status of Darwinism has been given significant attention in the methodology of science. Darwinism, unlike the physical theories which act as the model of what is scientific, does not meet the usual mathematical-experimental requirements and, due to this exceptional character, raises the philosophical question of how we might either reformulate the what it means for theories to be scientific or deny the scientific status of Darwinism. The aim of this paper is review some of discussions of this question in the philosophy of science, to find an acceptable and defensible position in the spectrum of opinion, and to assess the future perspective for this evolutionary process of philosophical reflection. This paper endeavours to show, on the basis of a critique of M. Ruse, that Darwin’s theory, the core of Darwinism, is fully axiomisable and that, as such, it fits the traditional hypothetico-deductive model of scientific theories. At the same time, however, we show the reason why it has a scientific character that is exceptional and specific – we point here to the much more complex and multi-levelled theoretical synthesis of Darwinism, which is unparalleled in contemporary natural science. It is for this reason that it difficult to find methodological standards for the estimation of the scientificality of Darwinism in philosophico-methodological reflection.
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The Change in William I. Thomas’s View of Biology

88%
Remisiewicz Ł.
Stan Rzeczy
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2018
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issue 2(15) The Polish Peasant from the Perspective of a Century
75-94
EN
In this article the author shows how the exploding role of biology in William Thomas’s sociology and social psychology has changed. Since the beginning of his career, this researcher addressed numerous topics that involved both biological and social factors – he commented on the nature of gender, race, instincts, prejudice and evolution. His departure point was biologism, which proclaimed that innate predispositions are a variable independent of social processes. In the following years, Thomas changed his beliefs, recognising that it was culture and society that left its mark on physiological and psychological development. The changes in Thomas’s reasoning are described by the author against the background of past and present views on the relationship between society and the brain, claiming that his late views could resonate with today’s approaches.
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MIŁOŚĆ I NIENAWIŚĆ JAKO CZYNNIKI HISTORYCZNE

88%
Garlicki A., Pudłocki T.
Rocznik Przemyski
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2016
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vol. 52
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issue 2(20): Literatura i Język
197-218
EN
The article by Apolinary Garlicki, a history and geography teacher from Przemyśl, and later a member of parliament during the Second Polish Republic, was published in installments right before the outbreak of the First World War in the local periodical “Ziemia Przemyska”. A lecture which was an incentive to write that article had been delivered by Garlicki on 17 May 1914 at the city hall in Przemyśl during the meeting of the Adam Mickiewicz Folk University. The essay is written from the point of view of a historiosopher. One can see here a reflection on the books that Garlicki read. They were not only the works by Adam Smith, from which he started his discussion, but also books by the theoreticians of progressive education, a trend in pedagogy at the turn of the 20th century, focusing largely on the significance of the environment in the practical upbringing of children and youth. The author leads the reader through various historical periods and makes references to many contemporary events – the social policy of the USA, the increasing significance of Japan, the Balkan wars etc. Garlicki discusses with ease not only the meanders of history but also the latest issues in sociology, psychology, economy, political science, making no attempts to hide his fascination with Darwinism and presenting its results in the growing nationalism and competition between nations in the early 20th century. The lecture helped Garlicki to write two books on the then fashionable theme of eugenics: Co to jest eugenika? [What is eugenics?] (1917) and Zagadnienia biologiczne-społeczne [Biological and social issues] (1924).
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L’hérédité de l’acquis, une hypothèse fausse mais récurrente (1958–2018)

88%
Grimoult C.
Organon
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2018
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vol. 50
101-122
EN
The inheritance of acquired characteristics seems to be a trendy hypothesis in the fields of biological and cultural evolution, despite the fact that it has already been refuted many times, and has been shown inconsistent with all the available knowledge accumulated. This paper presents its failure, and its logical and factual inferiority to multilevel selection, offering new hypotheses explaining its attractive power. The argumentation aims to prove that the biological variations (genetic mutations) and cultural variations (intellectual innovations) are certainly not changes directed by the environment, but are analogous to stochastic changes which are closely channeled by many selective screens, according to the synergic theory of evolution and the synergic theory of the human sciences and their core, multilevel selection.
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Jak myśli wiersz? Czesław Miłosz: Nad strumieniem

87%
Zach J.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka
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2014
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issue 24
243-254
EN
The subject of the analysis is the poem by Czesław Miłosz from the volume To, entitled “Nad strumieniem”. The task the author embarked upon boils down to the answer to the question: how does a specific idea(its hidden mental message) develop in this poem and what results from it for the idea as well as for the poem. The proposed reading takes place at three levels. Preliminary reconnaissance is made by naive reading consisting in the reconstruction of the situation portrayed in the poem, in the recreation of that which can be fund, so to say, on the “surface” of the poem. Next, the author launches these contexts which in Miłosz’s representation of the attitude of man towards nature allow one to notice balance and harmony, coming to terms with life and wisdom, which is based on distance and silence. At the third reading level, the author refers to the image crowning opus magnum by Charles Darwin, in which a similar situation-contemplation in the open nature-leads to the formulation of the answer to the question about the sense of “fight in nature, famine and death”. This answer is juxtaposed with the ending of Czesław Miłosz’s poem: „Wydaje mi się, że słyszę głos demiurga:/ Albo nieme skały jak w pierwszym dniu stworzenia,/ albo życie, którego warunkiem jest śmierć,/ i to upajające ciebie piękno”. („It seems to me that I hear the voice of demiurge:/ Either silent rocks as on the first day of creation, / or life, whose condition is death,/ and this beauty engulfing you”).
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Classical Metaphysics and Theistic Evolution: Why Are They Incompatible?

75%
Chaberek M.
Studia Gilsoniana
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2019
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vol. 8
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issue 1
47-81
EN
This paper explores the arguments against the compatibility of classical metaphysics (Aristotelian-Thomistic) and theistic evolution. It begins with presenting the line of division between theists and atheistic evolutionists regarding the origin of the universe. Next, it moves to definitions of the terms evolution and species. The core of the paper consists of the five reasons why theistic evolution is excluded by Thomistic metaphysics. Among these are the problem of sufficient cause, accidental changes generating substantial changes, the reduction of causality in theistic evolution and the problem of the order in the universe. This is followed by a presentation of the positive teaching of Aquinas on the origin of species. Finally, the article responds to the three common arguments put forward by theistic evolutionists who seek to either accommodate or dismiss classical metaphysics.
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Víra a přírodní vědy (1850–1950): Časopis Národního muzea, Museum – list bohoslovců česko­moravských, další doplňky a upřesnění

75%
Pospíšil C. V.
Studia theologica
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2014
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vol. 4
139-167
EN
In this paper the author presents publications which are significant for revealing the attitudes of Czech Catholic theologians to the challenges of the natural sciences in the period 1850–1950, published in the periodicals Časopis Národního musea and Museum bohoslovců českomoravských. He subsequently evaluates in detail the so-called Braun thesis introduced by an important exponent of evolutional thinking in Bohemia of the second half of the 19th century J. L. Čelakovský and points out to the risk of an inclination to pantheism connected with it. Finally, the not­‑contradictoriness between the definition of man as “an animal capable of sin” on the one hand and the Christological principle of Jesus’ impossibility to sin on the other is clarified. Through all these steps the previously edited monograph: C. V. Pospíšil, Zápolení o naději a lidskou důstojnost. Česká katolická teologie 1850­‑1950 a výzvy přírodních věd v širším světovém kontextu, Olomouc: University of Olomouc Press, 2014, is renewed. The results of further research do not result in any changes to the conclusions reached by the author in the above mentioned book, nevertheless the collection of found publications is enriched and certain appraisals of thought are specificied in further detail.
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Katolický evolucionista St. George J. Mivart o původu lidského těla a duše

75%
Opatrný D.
Studia theologica
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2017
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vol. 1
127-141
EN
St. George Jackson Mivart (1827–1900) dedicated a great deal of his life to the struggle to prove that the theory of evolution and the Catholic faith are not mutually exclusive. Especially important is his idea that God created the human soul of the first person directly, but infused it into the human body created through secondary causes (i.e. evolution). The aim of this article is to demonstrate how this thesis is connected to the whole of Mivart’s ontology.
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Erich Wasmann a jeho přínos k teorii evoluce

75%
Krumpolc E.
Studia theologica
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2017
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vol. 1
45-59
EN
The aim of this paper is to examine the life and work of the Austrian priest, Jesuit and biologist Erich Wasmann (1859–1931) and specifically his contribution to a deeper understanding of the theory of evolution and its reception by Catholic theology. The biography of the person of Erich Wasmann is presented first, followed by his work, biological research, concept of evolution, the possibility of its application to man, its philosophical and sociological consequences and the controversies between Erich Wasmann and Ernst Haeckel, a protagonist of monism and materialism, are described. In conclusion it is argued that Wasmann was a resolute supporter of biological evolution, and also open to the possibility of its extension to man, as far as it concerns the evolution of the human body, if this would be confirmed by paleontological findings. He emphasized, however, the essential differences between man and animals in the mental and spiritual region that could not be spanned by evolution, but which would require a certain ontological leap, as it has been recognised by contemporary theological anthropology.
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Totalitarianisms as systems of lawlessness (Miłosz’s remarks)

75%
Kaźmierczyk Z.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica
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2017
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vol. 45
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issue 7
113-138
EN
The article accounts for the gnostic individualism in Miłosz’s records. It shows that its essence is not freedom, but self-will. It argues that its premises are existential. Among them we can find the fundamental data of existence: the passage of time, death, growing old of the body, the decomposition of matter, experiencing biological drives as violence and the laws of nature and history as necessity. If existence is experienced that way it bears self-will. The author argues that Miłosz fell into a crisis of gnostic self-will as he realized it leads to the inner split between the evil world and the ideal super-world. He was also aware that this duality implies the aversion to the earthly life and nihilism. The author shows that the experience of self-will served as a tool in the Nobel laureate’s writings to study totalitarianisms. From this perspective Nazism seems to be the self-will inspired by Darwinism, while Communism – the quintessence of Enlightenment idealism. As a result of the deviation of freedom the Nazi Germany and the Bolshevik Russia became the mine of genocide.
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Literát Antonio Fogazzaro (1842–1911) a biskup Geremia Bonomelli (1831–1914) – průkopníci katolické recepce evolučního vzniku člověka

75%
Pospíšil C. V.
Studia theologica
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2018
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vol. 3
145-167
EN
In this paper, the author discusses Darwinism and evolutionism in an Italian context. It also presents two personages of Catholic thinking in Italy in the 1890s who were open to the idea of the evolutionary origin of man. Antonio Fogazzaro (1842–1911), a Catholic writer, anticipated in his vision what can later be found in the work of P. Teilhard de Chardin. Bishop Geremia Bonomelli (1831–1914) accepted the thesis of the American pioneer of the Catholic concept of the evolutionary origin of man, John Augustine Zahm. It is of interest that none of the above mentioned authors mentions Raffaello Caverni, who spoke in the same spirit as early as 1877. G. Mivart, an English pioneer in the Catholic reception of the evolutionary origin of man, is also not recalled. Fogazzaro does point out, however, the heritage of Antonio Rosmini, who anticipated in some way the possibility of the evolutionary origin of man in the first half of the nineteenth century. Although Fogazzaro and Bonomelli did not have any influence on the Czech theological scene at the turn of the twentieth century, the literary works of Fogazzaro were widely translated into Czech.
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Periodikum La Civiltà Cattolica a evoluční vznik – stvoření člověka (1850 –1980)

63%
Pospíšil C. V.
Studia theologica
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2019
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vol. 1
61-76
EN
The study maps the attitudes of Italian Catholic theologians publishing in the prestigious journal La Civiltà Cattolica on the issue of the evolutionary origin of the human body from 1850–1980. The strict rejection of the so-called Mivart‘s thesis lasted up to the beginning of the 1940s when things began to change gradually. It is noteworthy that German and Italian Jesuits used different strategies. The former approached Mivart‘s thesis in an increasingly liberal way as of the 1890s, while the latter remained in opposition up until the 1940s. Czech Catholic theology followed the German more closely, rather than the official Italian pattern.
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Johann Baptist Göttsberger (1868–1958), svědek zásadních proměn postoje katolické teologie k teorii evolučního vzniku člověka

63%
Pospíšil C. V.
Studia theologica
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2017
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vol. 3
61-75
EN
This paper is part of a larger scholar project focused on Catholic theologians and scientists between 1871 and 1910 who accepted the evolutionary origin of the human body in accordance with so-called Mivart’s theory, or rejected it. The author presents the life and work of an important German Biblical scholar Johann Baptist Göttsberger (1868–1958), focusing mainly on his 1910 book Adam und Eva. Göttsberger describes the contemporary scene very well providing information about an entire range of authors who showed a great openness to the evolutionary origin of man. Surprisingly we encounter here for the first time authors who hypothesised the possibility of also applying the evolutionary model to creation – the origin of the human spirit, what is also true in some sense about Göttsberger himself. It turns out that at least in German Catholic theology, the year 1910 is a turning point, because after this date authors showing an openness to the evolutionary theory of the origin of man cannot be considered pioneers. These authors formed a numerous and still growing group.
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Norbert Peters – svědek postoje katolických biblistů k hypotéze evolučního vzniku člověka na přelomu 19. a 20. století

63%
Pospíšil C. V.
Studia theologica
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2017
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vol. 2
91-104
EN
The study is part of a research project focused on Catholic theologians and scholars who either accepted the evolutionary origin of the human body in accordance with Mivart’s thesis or denied it in years 1871–1910. The author presents the Padernborn exegete Norbert Peters (1863–1938) and a critical analysis of his book Glauben und Wissen im ersten biblischen Schöpfungsbericht (Gen 1:1–2:3), Paderborn: Verlag von Ferdinand Schöning, 1907. The above-mentioned author reacts to both the academic and popular writing of E. Haeckel. He argues as a biblical scholar that the description of the creation of man, as it is found in the first chapters of Genesis, is not an obstacle to openness to an evolutionary origin – the creation of the human body. Being a specialist in the Bible, however, he does not dare state whether this hypothesis is actually viable. The issue of the means of creation of the human body is, in his view, only a marginal question in theology. A methodologically highly disciplined approach can be observed, however, which is in many respects similar to the approach of contemporary Catholic theologians.
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W poszukiwaniu socjologicznej „genetyki” religii

63%
Kaczmarek K.
Przegląd Socjologiczny
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2013
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vol. 62
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issue 4
95 - 113
PL
Neodarwinowska genetyka populacyjna, interpretująca ewolucję w kategoriach dziedziczności, modyfikacji i selekcji informacji zainspirowała szereg prób selekcjonistycznego ujęcia zmiany socjokulturowej. Autor artykułu argumentuje, iż źródłem ich niepowodzeń są uproszczenia tkwiące już w ujęciu przez genetykę populacyjną genu w wysoce abstrakcyjny, oderwany od kontekstu sposób. Kluczem do przezwyciężenia tej słabości jest uwzględnienie drugiego poziomu izomorfizmów zachodzących właśnie na poziomie kontekstu (genotypu, organizmu i gatunku). Pozwala to precyzyjnie określić ewolucyjną rolę kulturowej mutacji, rekombinacji i dryfu, co autor demonstruje na przykładzie religii. Z tej perspektywy organizacje eklezjastyczne stanowią izomorficzny z gatunkiem instrument ochrony zharmonizowanych systemów idei religijnych. Posiadają też jednak izomorficzne z organizmami właściwości umożliwiające znaczną redukcję wpływu mutacji, transdukcji i dryfu na system religijny.
EN
The Neo-Darwinian population genetics, interpreting the evolution in terms of heredity, modification and selection of information, inspired a number of attempts to formulate the sociocultural change in selectionist way. The author argues that the key source of their failures, is oversimplification in highly abstract and context-ignoring concept of a gene used by population genetics. To overcome this weakness one should include a second level isomorphisms, that occurs at the level of context (genotype, organism and species). This enables to define more precisely the role of mutation, recombination and drift in cultural evolution, as the author demonstrates an example of religion. From this perspective, ecclesiastical organizations are tools for the protection of a harmonized systems of religious ideas, which are isomorphic to the species. They have also, however, properties isomorphic to organisms that enable a significant reduction of the impact of mutations, transductions and drift on religious system.
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Rozszerzona Synteza: coś starego, coś nowego

63%
Brooks D. R.
Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy
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2019-2020
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issue 16-17
193-206
EN
The eclipse of Darwinism began to end in the 1980s and hangs in the balance today. We need an Extended Synthesis, using “extension” metaphorically. We must extend back in time to recover important aspects of Darwinism that were set aside, and then lost during neo-Darwinism, then move forward beyond neo-Darwinism to encompass new data and concepts. The most compre¬hensive framework for the Extended Synthesis is the Major Transitions in Evolution. The Extended Synthesis rests comfortably within a philosophical perspective in which biology does not need to be connected with other areas of science in order to justify itself. I am attracted to an older concept in which biology needs a covering law to connect it with the rest of the natural sciences. Darwin implicated a “higher law,” but did not specify it. If we can elucidate that law, the Extended Synthesis will become the Unified Theory of Biology called for by Brooks and Wiley 25 years ago.
PL
Zaćmienie darwinizmu zaczęło dobiegać końca w latach osiemdziesiątych dwudziestego wieku i obecnie proces ten znajduje się w stanie równowagi. Potrzebujemy Rozszerzonej Syntezy, przy czym termin „rozszerzona” użyty jest tutaj metaforycznie. Musimy cofnąć się w czasie, aby wydobyć ważne aspekty darwinizmu, które odstawiono na boczny tor, a później utracono w okresie panowania neodarwinizmu, i następnie wyjść poza neodarwinizm w celu ujęcia nowych danych i koncepcji. Najogólniejszy układ odniesienia Rozszerzonej Syntezy stanowi koncepcja wielkich przejść ewolucyjnych. Rozszerzona Synteza bez problemu wpisuje się w filozoficzny punkt widzenia, zgodnie z którym biologia nie musi być połączona z innymi obszarami nauki, aby znaleźć dla siebie uzasadnienie. Przekonuje mnie dawniejszy pogląd, że biologia potrzebuje nadrzędnego prawa, które połączy ją z pozostałymi obszarami nauk przyrodniczych. Karol Darwin sugerował istnienie „prawa wyższego rzędu”, ale go nie uściślił. Jeśli uda nam się zidentyfikować to prawo, to Rozszerzona Synteza stanie się Zunifikowaną Teorią Biologii, o której 25 lat temu mówili Daniel Brooks i Ed Wiley.
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Konstantin Hasert (1851–1923), průkopník katolické recepce evolučního vzniku lidského těla

63%
Pospíšil C. V.
Studia theologica
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2016
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vol. 4
47-61
EN
This paper is part of an academic project focused on Catholic theologians and scholars who either adopted the origin of the human body according to Mivart’s thesis in 1871–1910 or declined it. The author presents the forgotten Austrian apologist K. Hasert (1851–1923) and reconstructs elementary data about his biography on the basis of research into certain sources. The analysis of two monographs by the author demonstrates the openness to Mivart’s thesis with, however, certain reservations. It is rare evidence of the fact that the Catholic world was not divided predominantly between extreme advocates and opponents of Mivart’s thesis. It is probable that many were attracted by Mivart’s thesis, though they were also aware of its problems and waited for more solid data from contemporary palaeography.
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Fr. M. D. Leroy O.P. (1828–1905) – průkopník možnosti katolické recepce evolučního vzniku lidského těla

63%
Pospíšil C. V.
Studia theologica
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2017
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vol. 4
241-261
EN
This study presents the life and work of the French Catholic theologian M. D. Leroy (1828–1905) regarding the issue of the evolutionary origin of humans. His book, published in 1891, met with harsh reactions from the side of transformism opponents, after which it was followed by the process of the Sacred Congregation of the Index. The work was condemned and the author was reprimanded. Leroy formally submitted himself to the Congregation’s decision. The implicit dualism was the basic problem of the so-called Mivart thesis. Leroy claims that the human body can be called human, if the body is united with its essential form only, ergo its immortal soul. By means of the evolution, the creator could prepare a certain pre-human species, the substrate of the creation of a human body by the infusion of the immortal soul. The study by Leroy contains a number of new elements: an explanation of the apparently contradictory attitudes of Pope Leo XIII, a reference to the views of the remarkable French apologist F. Duilhé. Although he did not accept Leroy’s point of view, he did take sides on the right for liberal research in this area for Catholic theologians in 1897. There are essential links of the detection in between, as to what was the French and Czech natural science point-of-view in relation to Darwinism at this period. Leroy’s thesis is still relevant as it corrects the implicit dualism in the area of anthropology, which is implicitly presented in the widespread solution of the Catholic world today. The human body, in his view, came into being through evolution and was provided with a human soul at a certain moment.
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Biblista F. E. Gigot (1859−1920), Augustin z Hippo a evoluční vznik člověka

63%
Pospíšil C. V.
Studia theologica
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2018
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vol. 2
169-183
EN
This paper is part of a larger scholar project focused on Catholic theologians and scholars between 1871 and 1910 who accepted the evolutionary origin of the human body in accordance with the so called Mivart theory, or rejected it. The author presents the life and writings of the French theologian and biblical scholar F. E. Gigot, who was active mainly in the USA. He then analysed the relevant parts of the first section of his special introduction to the Old Testament (1901), where he interprets the first and second chapter of the book of Genesis and demonstrates a more or less open attitude to the theory of the evolutionary origin of man. The name of this biblical scholar, internationally recognized in his day, is not recalled in contemporary literature in connection with the reception of the evolutionary origin of humankind in Catholic theology at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The discoveries help to correct the rooted conviction that the Catholic theologians of this period had an exclusively negative attitude towards the fact of evolution and the evolutionary origin of the human body. The study also includes an analysis of one passage of Augustine’s writing De Genesi ad litteram, where the author finds formulations which look like an offered hand across the ages to those who in 1871−1910, and also later, sought to theologically adopt the theory of the evolutionary origin – creation of man.
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