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Beads and pendants from Inqitat (Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman)

100%
Lischi S.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2020
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vol. 29(1)
EN
Archaeological campaigns conducted during 2016 and 2017 at the site of Inqitat (Al Hamr al-Sharqiya), in the area of Khor Rori (Dhofar), produced an interesting assemblage of jewellery of various materials. The characteristics of the site are exceptional because they show traces of occupation from (prehistoric times)/ Prehistory right up to the Islamic period. Its geographical position(location), near Sumhuram, and its socio-political situation explain why bead assemblage here is so important. The use of particular stones indicates the presence of links with the area of the Persian Gulf and the Eastern part of the Indian Ocean. Furthermore, the discovery of some tools used for the production of the beads demonstrates a local production of some of these. The long life of the site could help to identify typical materials of each period thus allowing for a more complete comprehension of Dhofar and of the international connections of the area.
2
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The port of Al Baleed (southern Oman), the trade in franckincense and its coveted treasures

100%
Pavan A.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2020
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vol. 29(1)
EN
Along the coast of the Arabian peninsula, in the southernmost region of the Sultanate of Oman, lies the ancient port of Al-Baleed, known in Medieval times as Zafar. Placed in a strategic position for its geographical location, climate, availability of water and abundance of fodder, its long history dates back to the Bronze Age. The settlement reached its peak in Mediaeval times when it was a (a hub?) of international trade along the Indian Ocean. Many commodities were exported from the region or passed through the port. Among them a number of regional products such as: myrrh, dragon’s blood, aloe and madder, the most important being, however, frankincense and Arabian horses. Frankincense trade in Mediaeval times is barely studied despite its importance and great incomes generated by this trade during the period. The paper will present a general overview of the site of Al Baleed and its importance in the trade of frankincense, mainly in relation with the Far-eastern market with an overview of the coveted treasures from the region of Dhofar.
3
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After the Fall of the Caravan Kingdoms. Notes about the Occupation of Sumhuram and the Area of Khor Rori (Oman) from the Fifth Century AD to the Islamic Period

100%
Pavan A.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2023
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issue 36
111-131
EN
Since the beginning of the investigations in the area of Khor Rori and at the site of Sumhuram, the easternmost outpost of the caravan kingdoms along the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, cultural material and architectural evidence seemed to exclude frequentation, both permanent and seasonal, during the Islamic period. Indeed, it was assumed that any form of occupation, which had begun in the second century BC, ceased in the fifth century AD, consistent with the historical, economic and cultural scenario that marked the end of the caravan kingdoms. However, discoveries made during more recent fieldwork, along with a critical reinterpretation of previously collected data, have clearly demonstrated the existence of a late occupation of the area, which can be tentatively dated to the Late Antique period in the case of the burials located nearby and to the Islamic period in the case of the reoccupation of the site. This paper will discuss the preliminary results of the re-analysis of the late evidence, focusing on the last architectural structures, the small finds and some of the pottery.
4
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Tworzenie lokalnych struktur wojskowych jako brytyjski mechanizm kontroli nad państwami regionu Zatoki Perskiej w latach 60. XX w.

81%
Mroczkowski K.
UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
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2017
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issue 3(4)
41-66
EN
The complicated relations between the Arabian Peninsula sheikdoms and the United Kingdom are the one of most illustrious examples of non-obvious political manipulation in the Middle East. The UK government used the implications of local antagonisms, including the ambivalent ambitions of the local rulers and armed forces (Trucial Oman Scouts [TOS] unit – established in 1951 as Trucial Oman Levies [TOL) as a skilful way of controlling the Trucial Oman and the Sultanate of Oman and Muscat in the 1960's. The TOS had an impeccable record over the course of its twenty-year existence under the UK control: it defended the emirates against hostile forces, settled tribal and territorial disputes, policed the land, served as a stabilizing influence, and provided an honourable career and valuable training for thousands of Emiratis. Britain had treaty obligations to provide for the defence and control of the area, and the TOS performed that role. It had locally enlisted soldiers with British officers, and was officially part of the British Army. It survived until 1971, when it became part of the Union Defence Force, the newly formed army of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
PL
Wieloletnie relacje państw leżących na wschodnim wybrzeżu Półwyspu Arabskiego z Wielką Brytanią są jednym z najbardziej pouczających przykładów nieoczywistej penetracji politycznej w funkcjonującym na Bliskim Wschodzie archaicznym układzie państwowym. Umiejętnie prowadzona kontrola szejkanatów wchodzących w skład Omanu Traktatowego oraz sułtanatu Omanu i Muskatu wykraczała całkowicie poza formalne imperialne formy obecności Zjednoczonego Królestwa w układzie międzynarodowych potęg na Bliskim Wschodzie. Wielka Brytania wykorzystywała przy tym implikacje lokalnych antagonizmów, z uwzględnieniem m.in. ambicji lokalnych władców, w efekcie wiążąc ich specyficznym układem, z wykorzystaniem wspólnej jednostki wojskowej Trucial Oman Scouts jako sposobu wywierania nacisku.
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