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EN
The printer’s mark was used for the first time in 1457 (Mainz Psalter), and rapidly found numerous followers. Initially its function was to protect the printer against profits being taken over by dishonest competitors. Over time, it has become a symbol of beliefs, outlook on life, and the sense of aesthetics of the printer/editor. Ivan Fiodorov designed his typographic mark in the 70 s of the 16th century for prints that were issued from his first own printing shop in Lviv. That mark, as well as the person of the master of the black art and his publications have been extensively described in the rich literature of the subject. This paper is an attempt at polemics with certain determinations of Russian and Ukrainian researchers on the subject of that mark, trying to prove that Ivan Fiodorov designed only one printer’s mark (and not two or three as it is claimed by some of the researchers), the differences observable in the Lviv and Ostrog prints being insignificant enough to justify the thesis of two variants of the same printer’s mark. Then the author presents numerous, some fairly controversial, hypotheses concerning the genesis and symbolism of Fiodorov’s printer’s mark. Most researchers assume that the iconographic motif placed on the mark – an inverted Latin letter “S” (the symbol of a river) with the arrow pointing upwards refers to the words of Nestor: Great are the benefits from book learning [. . . ] as we gain wisdom and moderation through the words of the books, as those are like rivers feeding the whole world. . . That interpretation is argued against by A. Gusieva who maintains that the ideological centre of the printer’s mark of Fiodorov was the shovel plough – a simple agricultural implement, seeking a similarity to it (the mark) in the shape of one of its elements. To support her thesis the Russian researcher cites the Postscriptum to the Lviv Apostol (Acts of the Apostles) which includes words of key importance for her argument: “shovel plough”, “sowing”, “grain”. In that manner, according to her, the printer refers to be Biblical phrase: “The Sower sows the Word”, perceiving there an analogy to the mission of education and culture proliferation among the people. The paper presents specific facts from the life of Fiodorov and demonstrates that the fragment cited in the text by Gusieva had been taken out of a broader context which totally changed the intent of the printer’s expression. The paper argues in favour of the aquatic symbolism of the iconographic motif placed on the printer’s mark of Ivan Fiodorov as the most adequate to the message it carries.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono genezę technik drukarskich i ich zastosowanie w produkcji książki od najdawniejszych dokonań w tym zakresie w chinach aż po początki sztuki typograicznej w europie w połowie Xv w. Uwagę skierowano również na techniczne aspekty wynalazku Jana Gutenberga oraz komponenty sztuki drukarskiej, takie jak materiał typograiczny, farba i prasa drukarska. przedstawiono rozwój typograii w europie i na pozostałych kontynentach oraz jej wykorzystanie w powstaniu cenzury, odkrywaniu na nowo antyku, wykształceniu się warstwy zawodowych literatów, prawa autorskiego, rozwoju krytycznych badań naukowych, standaryzacji i unarodowieniu pisma drukowanego oraz pisowni i ortograii języków narodowych. Zwrócono też uwagę na ukształtowanie się właściwej dla typograii formy książki, na zmiany w sposobie lektury oraz na wpływ drukarstwa na zwiększenie moż- liwości komunikacyjnych tkwiących w piśmie i w słowie drukowanym.
EN
The author presents the origins of printing techniques and their application to production of books dating from the earliest achievements in this ield in china until the beginning of typographic art in europe in the mid-iteenth century. Attention was focused on technical aspects of the Johannes Gutenberg’s invention and the art of printing components, such as typographic material, ink and printing press. he evolution of typography in europe and other continents was presented as well as its efects on the rise of censorship, rediscovery of antiquity, forming of the profession of qualiied writers, copyright law, development of critical research, standardization and nationalization of the print, spelling and orthography of national languages. Attention was also paid to the process of constituting the form of a book adequate for typography, to changes in the way of reading, and to impact of printing on the increase in communications capabilities inherent in written and printed word.
EN
As in many cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the owners of some printing houses in Lwów benefited from privileges granted by the King and catholic or orthodox authorities. Printing houses took advantage of royal rather than city jurisdiction as it made them exempted from certain obligations of citizenship (taxation, fees), guaranteed copyright protection and provided with monopoly power. Among the most prominent privileged printers and booksellers in Lwów were: Paweł Józef Golczewski, Jan Filipowicz, Józef Mościcki, Szlichtyn brothers, Michał Śloska and “Stauropigialna” printing house.
EN
The Registry Office (Archives) in Greifswald preserves, in the archival set Staatskanzelei, four archival units related to printing and the book trade in Kołobrzeg (German: Colberg) in the first half of the seventeenth century. They represent material of institutional character that refer to problems in printing and book trade viewed by the provincial administration of the Branderburg March. The first printing house in Colberg, with the elector Frederic Wilhelm consent, was set up in May 1653 and Henrich Heissen was appointed the first printer of the new establishment. He was followed, until the end of the seventeenth century, by: Jacob Kusen, Berger Campen and Johan Nikolaus Ernst. Printers in Colberg were not only involved in printing books but also in selling them in the town. Beside the already mentioned printers, in the timeframe in question, there were also other professional booksellers such as Jeremias Amphras, Jacob Henning, Johan Danhardt and Jeremias Schrey. In all, in the second half of the seventeenth century, Colberg was an important center of publishing and book trade. Its importance was diminished greatly when the capital of the province was moved to Stargard (German: Stargard in Pommern) in 1668.
PL
W Archiwum Krajowym w Greifswaldzie w zespole archiwalnym Staatskanzelei zachowały się trzy jednostki archiwalne dotyczące drukarstwa i handlu książką w Kołobrzegu w drugiej połowie XVII wieku. Są to materiały o charakterze instytucjonalnym pokazujące problemy drukarstwa i handlu książką od strony brandenburskiej administracji prowincjonalnej. Drukarnię założono w Kołobrzegu za zgodą elektora Fryderyka Wilhelma w maju 1653 roku, a pierwszym drukarzem został Henryk Heissen. Po nim do końca XVII wieku drukarnię prowadzili: Jakub Kusen, Berger Campen i Johann Mikołaj Ernst. Drukarze w Kołobrzegu nie tylko drukowali książki, ale również sprzedawali je na terenie miasta. Obok nich w omawianym okresie działali tu także profesjonalni handlarze książkami: Jeremiasz Amphras, Jeremiasz Mamfass, Jakub Henning, Johan Danhardt i Jeremiasz Schrey. W drugiej połowie XVII wieku Kołobrzeg był, jak na warunki pomorskie, znaczącym centrum drukarstwa i handlu książką. Znaczenie to pomniejszyło przeniesienie stolicy prowincji do Stargardu (1668 rok).
EN
Zakłady Graficzne Instytutu Wydawniczego “Biblioteka Polska” (Biblioteka Polska Publishing House) operated in Bydgoszcz between 1920–1939. The printing office was established by Władysław Kościelski, a member of the Wielkopolska landed gentry. It was one of the biggest and the most technically advanced publishing house in Poland of the inter-war period. “Biblioteka Polska”, with its seat in Warsaw, published works of several hundred Polish and foreign authors in publishing series. It publishing output was complemented with numerous commemorative brochures, leaflets and notelets issued along with the printed publications. This group of publications, addressed to a wide circle of receivers, was characterised by straightforwardness in the expression and legibility. Basically, they were to convey information or were issued for commercial or marketing purposes. They show a remarkable variation in terms of their content and topographical form (as regards the nature of ornamentation, graphical layout or typesetting). These leaflets had their share in the formation of the proper receiver of the book and the press, contributed to the formation of readership and the reader’s needs, and to promotion of literary and scientific output of writers and scholars. They were designed by renown graphic designers, including book illustrators. In all, they constitute valuable source material of documental, historical and aesthetic nature.
PL
W Bydgoszczy w latach 1920–1939 działały Zakłady Graficzne Instytutu Wydawniczego „Biblioteka Polska”. Zostały one założone przez wielkopolskiego ziemianina Władysława Kościelskiego. Należały do największych i najnowocześniejszych w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym w Polsce. Instytut Wydawniczy „Biblioteka Polska”, z siedzibą w Warszawie, w seriach wydawniczych ogłosił kilkaset tytułów dzieł autorów polskich oraz zagranicznych. Opublikował również liczne druki ulotne i okolicznościowe. Kierowane do szerokiego kręgu odbiorców pozycje cechowała komunikatywność, jak również czytelność. Pełniły one przede wszystkim funkcję informacyjno-reklamową. Wprowadzone do obiegu czytelniczego wykazują zróżnicowanie pod względem treści i formy typograficznej (ze względu na charakter zdobnictwa, układ graficzny czy dobór czcionki). Odegrały ważną rolę w kształtowaniu świadomego odbiorcy książki i prasy, miały wpływ na kształtowanie potrzeb czytelniczych, upowszechnianie dorobku pisarzy oraz uczonych. Były projektowane przez uznanych grafików, a także ilustratorów książki. Stanowią cenny materiał źródłowy o charakterze dokumentacyjnym, historycznym i estetycznym.
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