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Vox Patrum
|
2008
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vol. 52
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issue 2
827-841
IT
II presente articolo e una breve presentazione dei nuovi elementi scoperti nella dissertazione dottorale: Christi anima apud Didymum Caecum, scritta interamente in latino nella Facolta di Lettere dell’Universita Pontificia Salesiana, nelPanno 2007. La novita della tesi e costituita da 4 punti fondamentali. Anzitutto la dottrina didimiana sull’anima del Salvatore e studiata alla luce di tutte le sue opere auten- tiche, inclusi i frammenti catenari. Poi la tesi tratta la questione della scienza umana di Cristo - argomento quasi mai finora studiato in Didimo. In terzo luogo viene criticamente discussa la tesi di R. Layton sulfambiguita didimiana nella valutazione della propatheia. Infine sono approfondite alcune questioni teologiche concernenti il nostro argomento: la funzione soteriologica delPanima di Cristo, 1’unita del Verbo Incarnato, la discesa di Gesil agli inferi. La dissertazione diventa cos! un contributo non solo alla storia della letteratura cristiana antica, ma anche alla storia del dogma cristologico.
EN
Uno dei scrittori del IV secolo, che si è inserito nella controversia antropomorfita sorta in quel secolo tra i monaci del deserto egiziano, è Didimo il Cieco d’Alessandria. Nel suo Commento ai Salmi troviamo due immediate menzioni del gruppo degli antropomorfiti e la confutazione del loro errore. L’Alessandrino rimprovera loro di riferire l’essere ad immagine di Dio (Gen 1, 26) al corpo umano, di capire gli antropomorfismi biblici su Dio letteralmente, e in conseguenza di credere che Dio veramente abbia membra umane e una forma esteriore. Commentando molti frammenti biblici che parlano di Dio in questo modo, Didimo spesso mette in rilievo la necessità di un’adeguata interpretazione di tali espressioni. Il fondamentale principio interpretativo – desunto peraltro dalla tradizione anteriore – è quello di intendere queste parole qeoprepîj, cioè in modo degno di Dio, adeguato alla natura di Dio. Il significato degli antropomorfismi non può essere quello suggerito immediatamente dalla lettera della Scrittura, ma deve essere strettamente sottoposto al concetto della realtà a cui essi si riferiscono. Si deve quindi tener conto che Dio è un essere immateriale, spirituale, invisibile, privo di forma e grandezza, incomposto, immutabile, non legato ad alcun posto e libero dalle passioni umane. Nella sua teoria ermeneutica Didimo sembra pure richiamare l’attenzione sulla regola dell’analogia della fede. Nell’interpretazione degli antropomorfismi trova un ampio uso il metodo allegorico, ciò che del resto è tipico per la scuola alessandrina. Così lo scrittore ricava dalle espressioni antropomorfiche della Scrittura diversi significati, non di rado molto profondi: „il volto” di Dio è per esempio il Figlio di Dio oppure la stessa esistenza di Dio, le sue idee o la sua salvezza; lo scrutare gli uomini attraverso „le palpebre” (Sal 10, 4) esprime la divina clemenza nel giudizio; „il grembo” e „il cuore” di Dio Padre, da cui è generato il Figlio, indicano la stessa sostanza del Padre; “le mani” di Dio significano le sue varie potenze (creatrice, punitiva, protettrice), poi i due Testamenti, e infine il Figlio e lo Spirito Santo – due mediatori del Padre nella creazione del mondo; “l’ira” di Dio indica un castigo o un travaglio mandati da Lui, oppure le potenze che fanno il servizio di punizione. Ovviamente in queste interpretazioni Didimo risente spesso della tradizione anteriore (Filone e Origene). Grazie alla presa di posizione contro l’antropomorfismo Didimo appare a noi come un teologo maturo che difende l’immaterialità e la trascendenza di Dio, sa interpretare saggiamente la Scrittura e riesce a ricavarne numerosi e validi contenuti teologici.
EN
The article presents how three great Alexandrian writers (Clemens, Origen and Didymus the Blind) estimated possession of material wealth. The first of them in Quis dives salvetur? assures Alexandria’s rich Christians that they also can achieve salvation, although under certain circumstances. Clemens explains Jesus’ words to the rich young man: „Sell everything you have, and give to the poor” (Mk 10, 21) allegorically. This order means that the wealthy should remove from the heart attachment to material goods and extirpate all passions which are bound up with them. The author wonders rhetorically: Who will help the poor, if we all will be devoid of material goods? Clemens regards earthly riches as things which are in themselves indifferent (adiafora). Christians should use them in moderation and for God’s glory. Besides, they must look for the poor and help them. Origen, in his turn, first interprets literally the pericope of the rich young man (Mt 19, 16-26). Considering the question from the ascetic perspective, the great writer thinks that it’s impossible to reconcile riches with Christian perfec­tion. Origen accepts also the allegorical interpretation, according to which „pos­sessions” symbolize evil passions and deeds. However to him such explanation seems to be overdone. Besides, in his opinion, the man who didn’t give up his riches, will never be able to free himself from evil passions. Therefore, according to Origen, it’s hard for the wealthy to achieve salvation. That will be possible only thanks to God’s omnipotence. So Origen’s words could infuse worry and uncer­tainty into the rich. Didymus, the last teacher of the Alexandrian school, following the Stoics and Clemens, defines material goods as adiafora. He adds also that these aren’t goods in the proper sense. Moreover, the author admits that riches are a secondary gift of God. Obviously they are that, if one uses them as far as they are necessary. But the most important aspect is that Didymus emphasizes resolutely a positive potential of material wealth. By means of it one may help other people, includ­ing for example the support of the sage. Riches if used right – asserts the author following the Platonic and Aristotelian tradition – can contribute to moral virtue of their owner. This way material goods become an instrument through which one may merit eternal life. Surely with such rhetoric Didymus could impress the rich. We must admit that his stance was due to the historical context as well, since Christianity became in the IV century the official state religion. Its new condition certainly contributed to a more mature look at social and economic questions.
Vox Patrum
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2011
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vol. 56
289-297
EN
L’article présente l’interprétation allégorique des textes bibliques sur la vieillesse dans l’exégèse alexandrine des III et IV siècles, principalement dans les commentaires et les homélies sur la Genèse d’Origène et de Didyme l’Aveugle. Dans ces oeuvres on trouve plusieurs textes sur les patriarches en tant que personnes âgées. Origène, en analysant les événements de la dernière période de vie d’Abraham, se concentre sur la compréhension spirituelle de la vieillesse comme la maturité et la per­fection morale. Didyme veut plutôt démontrer son érudition en arithmétique et c’est une symbolique spirituelle des nombres relative à l’âge des patriarches qui l’intéresse. Selon les deux alexandrins, chaque homme doit considérer la vieillesse non pas telle­ment comme une période plus pénible de la vie, mais avant tout comme un état de maturité morale et spirituelle, et essayer d’en arriver à ce stade. Dès lors, la vieillesse physique pourrait être mieux acceptée et serait moins douloureuse et pesante.
Verbum Vitae
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2019
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vol. 35
345-372
EN
From among the early Christian exegetical works treating the Book of Ecclesiastes, several  manuscripts, some of them fragmentary, have been preserved. These include: a few fragments of Origen’s commentary; a large part of the commentary written by Didymus the Blind; homilies of St Gregory of Nyssa; a short literary comment attributed to St John Chrysostom; a moderately allegorical commentary of St Jerome; and the commentary of Gregory of Agrigentum, bishop of Sicily from the turn of the 6th and 7th centuries. Analysis of the commentaries on Qoh 3:1-8 contained in the above-mentioned works reveals the dualistic character of patristic exegesis of the biblical passus in question, specifically its use of both universal and individual approaches. On the one hand, the authors refer the text of Qoh 1–3 to a universal understanding of time, i.e. the whole of salvation history and the related activities of Divine Providence guiding the course of the historical process. On the other hand, they interpret this passage in relation to the spiritual life of every Christian, his deep relationship with God, the process of internal improvement, the fight against vices and the acquisition of virtues. The two  dimensions of time interpenetrate each other: the individual path of man to perfection is at the same time part of God’s planned history of the salvation of humanity. Thus every action, both in the individual and the universal dimension, has its proper timing assigned by God.
PL
Z wczesnochrześcijańskich dzieł egezegetycznych dotyczących Księgi Eklezjastesa zachowały się nieliczne fragmenty komentarza Orygenesa, obszerna część komentarza Dydyma Ślepego, homilie św. Grzegorza z Nyssy, krótki komentarz literalny przypisywany św. Janowi Chryzostomowi, komentarz o charakterze umiarkowanie alegorycznym św. Hieronima i komentarz Grzegorza z Agrigentum, biskupa Sycylii z przełomu VI i VII wieku. Analiza zawartego w powyższych dziełach komentarza do wersetów Koh 3, 1-8 ujawnia dwojaki charakter patrystycznej egzegezy tego biblijnego tekstu: uniwersalny i indywidualny. Z jednej strony autorzy odnoszą tekst Koh 1-3 do czasu w wymiarze powszechnym, obejmującego historię zbawienia ludzkości i związanego z działalnością Opatrzności Bożej, czuwającej nad przebiegiem procesu dziejowego. Z drugiej strony interpretują ten passus w odniesieniu do życia duchowego każdego chrześcijanina, jego głębokiej relacji do Boga, procesu doskonalenia wewnętrznego, walki z wadami i nabywania cnót. Oba wymiary czasowe się przenikają: indywidualna droga człowieka do doskonałości wpisuje się w zaplanowane przez Boga dzieje zbawienia ludzkości. Każda czynność, zarówno w wymiarze indywidualnym, jak i uniwersalnym, ma swój właściwy czas wyznaczony przez Boga.
EN
It is true that the Fathers of the Church before Augustine did not use the term „original sin”. However, in the writings of very many of them, both in the East and in the West, we do find a belief in the solidarity of all people with Adam or even in the unity of entire humanity in Adam. Talking about the first sin the Fathers use the expression „our” sin; they claim that „we” offended God in Adam, they admit that „we all” were in Adam’s loins when he committed the sin, and finally they straightforwardly claim that „all people” sinned in Adam. Some of them feel personally responsible for the offence committed in Paradise. Most of the Fathers, and perhaps even all of them, were convinced of real unity of entire humanity and they considered participation of all people in Adam’s sin as one of the aspects of that unity. The fall of the first man separated not only himself, but also all people from the communion with God, because every man somehow participated in that fall. And that is, after all, the very essence of the original sin.
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