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1

Dziekanowice, malowidła ścienne

100%

Dayczak-Domanasiewiczowa M.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1963

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issue 3

63-65

2

Kto się nie leni, zrobi złoto z kamieni – osełki w grobach wczesnego średniowiecza

89%

Wrzesińska A., Wrzesiński J.

Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia

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2014

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vol. 60

197-223

EN

1Since the dawn of history humans have been interested in using stones for a variety of purposes. The use of rocks and stones as shelters, building material or resource for the production of tools or weapons is a cultural phenomenon. One of the categories of stone objects recorded in graves at early medieval cemeteries includes whetstones. The present study is devoted to whetstones registered in graves at the cemetery at Dziekanowice, site 22 (gmina Łubowo, województwo wielkopolskie). This early medieval necropolis is located on the east shore of Lake Lednica in the direct vicinity of one of the major stronghold centres of the Piast dynasty. The stronghold itself is situated on Ostrów – an island on Lake Lednica. Out of 1585 skeletal graves recorded in situ at the studied cemetery, 847 (53.4%) burials contained altogether 1868 objects considered as grave deposits. In the group of those artifacts were 28 whetstones found in 27 graves (one grave contained 2 whetstones), which account for 3.2 percent of the total number of burials with equipment. In addition, 7 whetstones were recorded loosely at the border between layer I and II (they were damaged by ploughing), and in settlement features; however, these objects are not included in the study. The majority of graves with whetstones unearthed at the cemetery at Dziekanowice were male burials. As many as 21 graves belonged to men, 5 to women and only one to a child. Previous research and publications on cemeteries do not facilitate an ambiguous interpretation of the function of whetstones recorded in graves, although utilitarian character of these objects is unquestionable. It can also be asserted that whetstones were buried more often in male graves, and most often in adult graves. They occurred both in “richer” burials and in those characterized by modest equipment. The new light on the function of some whetstones has been shed by the results of analyses carried out by Martin Ježek from the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. His recent spectral analysis of whetstone surfaces has allowed the hypothesis that whetstones (particularly phyllite ones) may have been used as touchstones. The analysis based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS method) revealed residues of metals on the surface of the examined objects. The microanalysis has proven the existence of micro-traces of metals such as gold, silver, tin and copper. In sum, the hypothesis about a special function of the whetstones cannot be excluded. This may apply particularly to the objects with scant traces of polishing, in contrast to whetstones with strongly polished and characteristic concave surfaces resulting from frequent sharpening. The whetstones with scant traces of polishing may have been used not only as sharpening tools, but also (and maybe primarily) as items against which a precious metal was rubbed in order to check its value and the quality of alloy. Identifying the function of whetstones as touchstones creates new possibilities for discussing the problems associated with social stratification and with distinguishing between “richer” and “poorer” graves. A whetstone-touchstone found in a grave gives its owner a different rank in the society than we previously assumed interpreting the object only as a sharpening tool. Undoubtedly, the analysis of social stratification should involve by far more elements than is widely regarded as vital. In addition, whetstones-touchstones may also become important objects for the analysis of trading places and exchange in the Early Middle Ages.

3

Materiały z epoki kamienia z Ostrowa Lednickiego i jego najbliższej okolicy

89%

Sobkowiak-Tabaka I.

Studia Lednickie

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2018

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vol. 17

103-140

PL

The aim of this article is to analyze several hundred primeval artifacts (329 flints, 3 stone tools and 9 pieces of Neolithic pottery), which were found during excavations on Ostrów Lednicki and the burial ground in Dziekanowice. The above mentioned artifacts were found on a secondary deposit, in early medieval layers or in objects, and in a primaeval layer, which was detected in the immediate vicinity of Lednica Palatium. This significantly influences the interpretation options and only allows chronological and taxonomic classification of the artifacts with characteristic technological and typological features. 4 flint artifacts were connected with the Late Paleolithic stage of penetration of Ostrów Lednicki and its immediate surroundings, i.e. a part of a massive endscraper, a tanged point, a part of a shaft of a tanged point and of a backed piece. Because of the presence of tanged points, it is highly probable that the analyzed collection can be connected with flint manufacturing of the Świderska culture community. Ostrów Lednicki and its surroundings were also penetrated by Holocene hunter-gatherers, which is indicated by the presence of 14 Mesolithic flint artifacts. In the majority of cases they were cores, often microlithic, highly exploited. There were also single tools, such as a slender backed piece and two scrapers. Three stone artifacts can be clearly connected with the Neolithic — two hatchets made from fine-crystalline sandstone and a quartzitic broadax as well as several pieces of pottery. In the case of the pottery, 5 pieces should be connected with the presence of the Late Band Pottery Culture on Ostrów Lednicki, while 4 with the Funnel Beaker Culture communities. The remaining flint artifacts can only be generally associated with the Stone Age.

4

Konary i Kobylniki. Rola i użytkowanie koni we władztwie Piastów

88%

Danielewski M.

Historia Slavorum Occidentis

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2015

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issue 1(8)

57-76

EN

The article fi rst discusses the economic organisation of the Piast state; such toponyms as Konary and Kobylniki are given particular attention. The historical region of Kujawy has provided the starting point for further analysis. Historical sources were explored in search of the fi rst mentions of the villages in question. At the same time, attempts were made to correlate the location of the villages with the location of meadows and pastures suitable for grazing horses. Then, archaeological record from Kujawy confi rming the use of horses was analysed, notably fi nds of spurs and horseshoes. The paper discusses centres of princely rule (Brześć Kujawski and Kruszwica) that yielded evidence confi rming the use of horses. Equestrian elements have been also recorded at early medieval cemeteries; the article investigates selected excavated sites throughout the Piast domain, including Lutomiersk, Końskie, Pokrzywnica Wielka, Łączyn Stary, Korzybie Duże, Czersk, Daniłow Mały, Sowinki and Dziekanowice.

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1 Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia

1 Historia Slavorum Occidentis

1 Ochrona Zabytków

1 Studia Lednickie

1 2018

1 2015

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1 Danielewski M.

1 Dayczak-Domanasiewiczowa M.

1 Sobkowiak-Tabaka I.

1 Wrzesińska A.

1 Wrzesiński J.

Dziekanowice, malowidła ścienne

Kto się nie leni, zrobi złoto z kamieni – osełki w grobach wczesnego średniowiecza

Materiały z epoki kamienia z Ostrowa Lednickiego i jego najbliższej okolicy

Konary i Kobylniki. Rola i użytkowanie koni we władztwie Piastów